F37EB 
25.1S90] 

ca 


Shelf  Number 


CIVIL  GOVERNMENT 


OF 


ILLINOIS  AND  THE  U.  S. 


SPECIAL  CHAPTERS 


ON 


CHICAGO  AND  COOK  COUNTY 


BRIEF  HISTORICAL  SKETCHES. 


EDWIN  C.  CRAWFORD, 

Of  the  Chicago  Bar. 


n:  iiQGO 
HISTORICAL 

SOCIETY 
CHICAGO: 


SCOTT,  FORESMAN  &  COMPANY. 


COPYRIGHT,  1890,  BY  GEOKGE  SHEKWOOD  &  Co. 


F31E.B 
is. 


PBEFACE. 


The  objects  of  this  book  are  : 

To  describe  in  detail  every  part  of  the  machinery  of 
government  of  the  State  of  Illinois,  and  of  each  political 
sub-division  of  the  Slate. 

To  state  briefly  all  the  important  duties  of  every 
public  officer  in  the  State  of  Illinois. 

To  outline  the  government  of  the  United  States, 

Jt  has  been  written  with  especial  reference  to  the 
wants  of  teachers  and  students,  and  officers  of  school 
districts  and  townships. 

It  is  believed  that  it  will  be  welcomed  by  all  who 
desire  to  be  intelligent  as  to  the  government  in  which 
they  are  most  directly  interested,  namely,  that  of  their 
own  state,  county,  township  and  school  district. 

E.  C.  0- 

Chicago,  October  30,  1882. 


DEACCESSIONED  BY 

CHICAGO  HISTORiCU_SOCIETY 

PRINTED  COUtCUOMS 


PREFACE  TO  EDITION  OF  1890. 


The  centennial  period  of  the  nation  has  developed  new 
interest  in  the  history  of  the  country. 

The  brief  historical  sketches  following,  have  been 
added  to  this  book  to  aid  in  fostering  such  interest ; 
also,  to  suggest  to  Illinois  students  the  importance  of 
their  own  State's  history  in  relation  to  that  of  the  other 
States  of  the  Union. 

How  to  govern  cities  and  other  thickly  populated 
districts,  wisely,  is  a  question  that  becomes  constantly 
more  important,  and  more  difficult  to  answer. 

It  is  believed  that  Chicago  and  Cook  County  have 
attained  a  degree  of  efficiency  in  self-government  that  will 
repay  careful  attention.  Hence  the  addition  of  the 
sections  following,  on  the  government  of  Chicago  and 
Cook  County. 

E.  C.  C. 
Chicago,  March  15, 1890. 


PAOK. 

Forms  of  Government,     ----.„.-  7 

History  of  Illinois,       -        -                -        -       .       .       -  8-17 

First  Settlement  in  Illinois,      .......  g 

Organization  as  a  Territory, -  10 

Organization  as  a  State,    -.---...  11 

Illinois  in  the  Civil  War, 16 

History  of  Chicago,          ........  19-25 

Chicago  in  the  Civil  War,     ---•-..  22 

The  Fire  of  1871, 24 

Government  of  Chicago,      .......  27-55 

Mayor,  Aldermen,  Clerk,        .......  28-29 

Department  of  Finance,        .......  30 

Comptroller,  Treasurer,    ........  31 

Collector, -  32 

Department  of  Public  Works,         .-...-  32-33 

Department  of  Public  Buildings,         .....  33-35 

Department  of  Law,          ........  35-36 

Police  Courts, 36-37 

House  of  Correction,         ........  38 

Department  of  Health,          .......  39 

Department  of  Police,       -.-.....  41 

Fire  Department,          ---.....  42 

Inspectors  of  Food,  etc.,  --•---.-  44 

Election  Commissioners,       .......  45 

The  Public  Schools, 46-51 

The  Board  of  Education, 46 

The  Superintendent  of  Schools,  and  other  Employes  of  the 

Board,  and  Their  Duties, 47-49 

Compulsory  Education,        .......  51 

The  Public  Library, 52 

The  Parks, 53 

Chicago  Sanitary  District,        .......  54 

Cook  County,       ------..-  56 

The  County  Board, 56-57 

President  of  Board, -•  57 

Employes  of  the  Board  and  Their  Duties,       ....  58-59 

County  Charitable  Institutions,    -.---..  60 

County  Officers  not  Employe's  of  the  County  Board,  62 

Duties  of  Such  Officers, 64-68 

Courts  of  Cook  County,           - 63 

< 

I.    THE   SCHOOL   DISTRICT. 

School  Directors,  their  Election,  Powers  and  Duties,         -  70 

How  School  Districts  Receive  their  Share  of  the  State  Fund,  72 


TABLE    OF    CONTENTS.  3 

PAGE. 

flow  Districts  may  be  Divided,   ......  72 

Transferring  Pupils  from  one  District  to  another,  -       -       •  73 

II.    THE    TOWN. 

Town  and  Township  Distinguished,     -       -       ...  73 

Town  Officers,  their  Terms  of  Office,       .....  74 

Town  Meeting,     ---------  75 

Its  Organization  for  Business,          ......  75 

Powers  and  Duties  of  Voters  at  Town  Meeting,          -  77 

Oath  and  Bonds  of  Town  Officers.  ---...  78 

Town  Boards,  their  Powers  and  Duties,      ....  79 

Town  Supervisors,  their  Powers  and  Duties,           ...  80 

Town  Clerk,  his  Powers  and  Duties,    -----  80 

Assessor  and  Collector,  their  Powers  and  Duties,    -  81 

School  Trustees,  their  Powers  and  Duties,  -        ...  81 

School  Treasurer,  his  Powers  and  Duties,       ....  81 

Highway   Commissioners  and  Overseers,  their  Powers  and 

Du%2s, 82 

Pound  Master  and  Commissioner  of  Canada  Thistles,  83 

Justices  of  the  Peace  and  Constables,  -----  83 

Civil  Causes,  Criminal  Causes,        ......  83 

Holding  to  Bail, 84 

Pay  of  Town  Officers, -  84 

Special  Town  Meeting,        .......  84 

The  Nature  of  Town  Government,    ......  85 

Officers  of  Townships, -  86 

III.    THE    COUNTY. 

COUNTIES  UNDER  TOWNSHIP  ORGANIZATION; 

County  Officers,  Terms  of  Office, 87 

The  County  Board,  Powers  and  Duties,      ....  87 

The  Grand  Jury, .  89 

The  Petit  Jury, 90 

County  and  Probate  Courts,     ........  90 

County  and  Probate  Judges,  their  Duties,  -        ...  91 

County  Clerk,  his  Duties,         .......  92 

Sheriff,  his  Duties, 92 

State's  Attorney,  his  Duties,    -.-....  93 

Coroner,  his  Duties,      ........  93 

Circuit  Clerk  and  Recorder  of  Deeds,  their  Duties,  94 

Deeds,  Recording  Deeds,  Mortgages,  .....  95 

County  Treasurer,  his  Duties,          ---...  95 

Superintendent  of  Schools,  his  Duties,        -  96 

Departments  of  County  Government,     -        ....  97 

COUNTIES  NOT   UNDER  TOWNSHIP    ORGANIZATION.  97 

Compensation,  Bonds,  and  Oath  of  County  Officers,-       -  98 

IV.     THE  STATE. 

The  Legislature, 


Election  of  Members  of  the  Legislature,     ....  99 


4  TABLE    OP    CONTENTS. 

"v  PA6K 

Meeting  of  the  Legislature,      ---....  99 

Duties  of  Lieutenant-Governor  and  Speaker,       ...  100 

Duties  of  the  Legislature,         ---.».„  100 

Executive  Department  of  the  State, 101 

The  Governor,  his  Duties,  Pay,  etc.,       .....  101 

If  Governor's  Office  Becomes  Vacant,  Who  Succeeds,        -  102 

Secretary  of  State,  his  Duties,  Pay,  etc.,  103 

Auditor,  his  Duties,  Pay,  etc., 104 

State  Treasurer,  his  Duties,  Pay,  etc., 104 

Superintendent  of  Public  Instruction  his  Duties,  Pay,  etc.,  105 

Attorney-General,  his  Duties,  Pay,  etc.,          ....  105 

Returning  Board, 106 

Appointed  State  Officers,          -       -        -        _       .       .       .  107 

Officers  Appointed  by  Governor  with  Consent  of  the  Senate,  107 

Officers  Appointed  by  Governor  Alone,    -•-.'.  107 

Duties,  Pay,  etc.,  of  Former  Officers,          ....  108 

Duties.  Pay,  etc.,  of  Latter  Officers, 110 

State  Militia, HI 

Judicial  Department, .*.  m 

Circuit  Courts,      ----.....  m 

Circuit  Court  Officers,      ------..in 

Appellate  Courts,         -        -        -        .        .,.        .        .  113 

The  Supreme  Court  of  the  State,     -       -                .       .       .  113 

Pay  of  Officers  of  the  Judicial  Department,        ...  113 

V.    CITIES. 

Their  Government,  -----_._.  114 

Officers  of  Cities,  their  Duties  and  Pay,       ....  114 

VI.    VILLAGES. 

Their  Government.  Their  Officers,          .....  H6 

VII.     GOVERNMENT  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

Congress,      ----.-__.-.  117 

Executive  Department  of  the  United  States,  119 

Judicial  Department  of  the  United  States,  -       ...  120 

Army  and  Navy  of  the  United  States,     -----  121 

Civil  Service  of  the  United  States,       -       -       .       .       -     .  121 

VIII.    MISCELLANEOUS. 

National  Political  Conventions, 122 

Counties  comprising  the  Congressional  Districts  of  Illinois,  124 
Counties  comprising  the  Senatorial  Districts  of  Illinois,        -  126 
Counties  comprising  the   State  Supreme  Court  Grand  Di- 
visions,          128 

Counties  comprising  the  State  Supreme  Court  Election  Dis- 
tricts,            131 

Counties  comprising  the  Appellate  Court  Districls,        -        -  132 

Counties  comprising  the  Circuit  Courts,      ....  132 

The  Constitution  of  the  State  of  Illinois,          -        -        .        -  134 

The  Constitution  of  the  United  States,        -       -        -       .  181 

The  Declaration  of  Independence, 200 


CRAWFORD'S  CIVIL  GOVERNMENT. 


GOVEENMENT. 

The  word  government  means  regulation  and  con- 
trol. Good  government  begins  within  ourselves.  If 
we  learn  to  regulate  and  control  our  own  thoughts 
and  acts,  we  shall  be  fitted  to  help  govern  others. 

The  first  duty  of  the  citizen  is  private,  and  con- 
sists in  learning  to  govern  himself.  His  next  duty  is 
public.  It  consists  (partly)  in  voting  for  good  laws 
and  good  officers,  and  in  sustaining  the  officers  while 
they  execute  the  laws. 

The  simplest  form  of  civil  government  is  illus- 
trated by  the  "  Town  Meeting."  This  is  an  assembly 
of  all  the  voters  of  a  town,  to  discuss  the  business 
of  the  town,  and  enact  town  laws.  Such  a  government 
is  a  democracy.  [See  page  75.] 

A  republican  government  is  one  in  which  laws 
are  made  by  representatives  chosen  by  those  having 
a  right  to  vote. 

A  State  Legislature,  or  a  City  Council,  illustrates 
such  a  government.  [See  page  28.  J 

The  government  to  which  we  should  give  most  at- 
tention (after  the  government  of  ourselves),  is  that  of 
the  community  in  which  we  live.  And  we  should  learn 
not  only  its  present  form  and  method  of  operation, 
but  the  history  of  its  development  from  the  beginning. 
Hence,  Illinois  students  of  Civil  Government  should 
begin  with  a  study  of  the  history  of  their  own  state. 


CRAWFORD'S  CIVIL  GOVERNMENT. 


HISTOEY  OF  ILLINOIS. 

Before  the  middle  of  the  17th  Century,  the  French 
colonists  in  Canada  had  heard  about  a  great  river 
—  the  "Messipi,"  the  Indians  called  it  —  which  it 
was  believed  flowed  into  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  or,  per- 
haps, to  Japan  or  China. 

The  Indians  said  its  valley  abounded  in  fur-bear- 
ing and  great  numbers  of  other  valuable  animals. 
Thus  the  French  were  led  to  form  a  strong  desire  to 
explore  it  and  barter  with  the  natives  for  its  pro- 
ducts. 

Authority  was  obtained  from  the  King  of  France, 
Louis  XIV,  by  several  persons,  to  make  such  explora- 
tions. . 

Among  these  was  Sieur  de  LaSalle,  who,  in  1671, 
led  the  first  party  into  the  region  now  known  as  the 
State  of  Illinois.  Entering  it  at  the  southern  end  of 
Lake  Michigan,  his  party  made  their  way  to  the  Kau- 
kakee  River,  placed  their  canoes  in  it  and  paddled 
down  to  the  Illinois  River,  and  down  this,  probably, 
to  its  mouth. 

In  1673,  Marquette  and  Joliet,  a  Jesuit  mission- 
ary and  a  trader,  ascended  the  Illinois  from  the  Mis- 
sissippi to  a  point  about  seven  miles  below  the  present 
city  of  Ottawa,  and  thence  crossed  the  country  to 
Green  Bay. 


CRAWFORD'S  CIVIL  GOVERNMENT.  7 

In  1679,  LaSalle  again  led  a  party  down  the  Illi- 
nois, and,  early  in  1680,  built  Fort  Crevecceur  and 
established  a  colony  on  the  river  a  short  distance 
from  the  site  of  the  present  city  of  Peoria. 

This  was  the  first  civilized  settlement  made  in  the 
territory  now  composing  the  State;  and  it  was  the 
beginning  of  a  scheme  of  colonization,  conceived  by 
LaSalle  and  encouraged  by  Louis  XIV,  which  was  in- 
tended to  make  the  whole  Mississippi  valley  tributary 
to  France. 

In  1682,  LaSalle  again  descended  the  Illinois, 
and  also  passed  down  the  Mississippi  to  its  mouths. 
At  the  beginning  of  the  delta  of  the  Mississippi  he 
erected  a  column,  and,  in  the  name  of  Louis  XIV, 
took  possession  of  the  basin  of  the  great  river  and  its 
tributaries,  naming  the  region  "  Louisiana." 

On  his  return,  he  built  a  fort  at  "  Starved  Rock," 
on  the  Illinois,  and  established  a  colony  there.  He 
also  established  colonies  at  Kaskaskia,  Cahokia, 
and  other  places.  He  planned  to  establish  a  chain 
of  forts  and  colonies,  along  the  whole  extent  of  the 
Illinois  and  Mississippi  Eivers,  to  carry  on  trade 
with  the  Indians,  and  to  secure  their  alliance  against 
the  danger  of  encroachments  by  the  colonies  of  Eng- 
land and  Holland  on  the  eastern  border  of  the  conti- 
nent. 

Other  colonies  followed  those  started  .by  LaSalle, 
till,  in  the  middle  of  the  18th  Century,  the  Illinois 
territory  contained  several  thousand  French  settlers, 
who  were  generally  in  a  prosperous  condition.  Trav- 
elers visiting  them,  on  returning  to  France,  called  the 
country  "a  new  Paradise." 

'  - . 


8  CRAWFORD'S  CIVIL  GOVERNMENT. 

But  English  colonists  had  come  also,  and  disputes 
began  to  arise  about  boundaries,  which  led  to  war  be- 
tween France  and  England,  and  at  its  close,  England 
became  owner  of  a  vast  region  formerly  claimed  by 
France,  including  the  territory  composing  the  present 
State  of  Illinois. 

During-  the  next  fifty  years  most  of  the  new  set- 
tlers in  Illinois  came  from  Virginia  and  Kentucky, 
and  from  the  French  settlements  on  the  Mississippi 
River.  Nearly  all  of  the  settlers  of  this  period  loca< 
ted  in  the  southern  half  of  the  State. 

In  1804,  Fort  Dearborn  was  built  near  the  mouth 
of  the  Chicago  Biver.  Burned  by  Indians  during  the 
war  of  1812,  it  was  rebuilt  in  1816. 

About  fifteen  years  later,  immigrants  began  to 
settle  in  the  northern  part  of  the  territory,  most  of 
them  coming  from  the  Eastern  and  Northern  States. 

Illinois,  after  passing  into  the  possession  of  Eng- 
land, was  considered  a  part  of  Virginia,  and  was 
organized  as  a  county  of  Virginia  in  1778. 

In  1784,  Virginia  ceded  to  the  United  States  all 
its  land  situated  northwest  of  the  Ohio  Biver. 

On  July  13,  1787,  Congress  enacted  the  famous 
"  Ordinance  of  '87,"  erecting  the  region  ceded  into  the 
"  Northwest  Territory."  One  of  the  provisions  of  the 
ordinance  was,  that  slavery  should  be  forever  prohib- 
ited within  the  territory. 

Congress  created  the  Territory  of  Illinois  in  'the 
year  18O9. 

On  the  12th  day  of  February,  in  the  same  year,  a 
child  was  born  in  a  log  cabin  in  Hardin  County,  Ken- 
tucky, who  was  destined  to  make  the  future  State 
famous  above  all  its  sisters,  as  the  home  of  the  saviour 


CRAWFORD'S  CIVIL  GOVERNMENT.  9 

of  the  Union  and  the  liberator  of  a  race  of  slaves.  The 
child  was  Abraham  Lincoln. 

The  northern  line  of  the  Territory  ran  from  the 
southern  point  of  Lake  Michigan  due  west  to  the 
Mississippi  River.  Thus,  the  Territory  was  without  a 
harbor. 

It  was  expected,  even  as  early  as  1809,  that  the 
Federal  government  would  aid  in  making  a  canal  con- 
necting Lake  Michigan  and  the  Mississippi  River. 

Illinois  was  admitted  to  the  Union  as  a  State  in 
1818. 

Hon.  Nathaniel  Pope  was  its  last  territorial  dele- 
gate in  Congress.  With  great  wisdom  he  represented 
to  Congress  that  if  admitted  into  the  Union  with  its 
then  northern  boundary,  the  State's  only  outlet  for  its 
products  would  be  the  Mississippi  River;  that  its 
commercial  interests  being  thus  made  identical  with 
those  of  the  territory  south  and  west  of  it,  if  ever 
the  Southern  or  Western  States  should  withdraw  from 
the  Union,  Illinois  would  be  forced,  by  commercial 
causes,  to  go  with  them. 

But,  Mr.  Pope  argued,  if  Illinois  could  have  har- 
bors on  the  Lake,  and  thus  establish  trade  relations 
with  the  Northern  and  Eastern,  as  well  as  the  South- 
ern and  Western,  States,  it  would  be  made  a  powerful 
agent  to  prevent  the  disruption  of  the  Union. 

He,  therefore,  urged  Congress  to  remove  the  north- 
ern boundary  to  42^°  north  Latitude.  This  provision 
was  accordingly  embodied  in  the  act  of  admission,  thus 
giving  to  the  State  the  valuable  harbors  of  Chicago, 
Calumet  and  Wauke£an. 

o 

How  nobly  the  State,  a  half  century  later,  justified 


10  CRAWFORD'S  CIVIL  GOVERNMENT. 

the  hope  of  this  far-seeing  statesman,  is  written  with 
the  blood  of  nearly  nine  thousand  of  its  sons  who,  from 
1861  to  1865,  gave  their  lives  011  Southern  battlefields 
to  preserve  the  Union  of  all  the  States. 

The  new  State's*  first  capital  was  Kaskaskia,  which 
had  been  the  center  of  civil  and  judicial  power  since 
the  time  of  LaSalle;  but  the  first  Legislature  pro- 
vided for  removing  the  seat  of  government  to  Vandalia 
in  1819. 

The  State's  first  Governor  was  Shadrach  Bond, 
of  Kaskaskia.  Its  first  Congressman  was  Daniel  P. 
Cook,  for  whom  Cook  County  was  afterward  named. 

The  first  Legislature,  in  spite  of  the  Ordinance  of 
1787,  passed  a  law  permitting  slave-holding  to  a  lim- 
ited extent;  but,  in  1824,  by  a  popular  vote,  slavery 
was  abolished  absolutely. 

In  1818,  the  State  had  a  population  of  about 
45,OOO  people.  Of  these,  about  2,000  were  descend- 
ants of  the  French  colonists,  who  LaSalle  and  his  suc- 
cessors had  hoped  would  increase  in  numbers  till  they 
would  fill  the  Mississippi  Valley  and  become  the  con- 
trolling power  of  the  New  World. 

The  portion  of  the  State  north  of  Alton  and  Ed- 
wardsville  was  almost  wholly  destitute  of  settlers. 

Governor  Bond  and  his  successor,  Governor  Coles, 
both  urged  the  Legislature  to  take  some  action  in  ref- 
erence to  the  proposed  canal  connecting  Lake  Michi- 
gan and  the  Mississippi  River. 

Their  immediate  object  was  to  secure  the  peopling 

*  The  State  lies  between  Latitude  36°  59'  and  42°  30'  north,  and 
Longitude  87°  35'  and  91°  40'  west.  Its  extreme  length  is  385  miles, 
and  its  extreme  width  218  miles.  Its  area  is  55,410  square  miles. 


CRAWFORD'S  CIVIL  GOVERNMENT.  11 

of  the  northern  portion  of  the  State,  by  providing  it 
with  means  of  transportation. 

A  few  years  later,  Congress  granted  to  the  State 
300,000  acres  of  land  in  aid  of  the  canal  project;  and, 
on  July  4,  1836,  work  was  begun  on  the  canal,  and 
it  was  finished  in  1848. 

It  starts  from  the  South  Branch  of  the  Chicago 
River  and  extends  to  Peru  on  the  Illinois  River. 

It  is  not  the  great  ship  canal  originally  planned. 
But  the  expectation  of  such  a  channel  had  given  a 
great  impulse  to  the  settlement  of  the  northern  por- 
tion of  the  State,  and  railroads  soon  supplied  all  that 
the  canal  lacked  as  a  means  of  .transportation. 

Two  years  after  the  completion  of  the  canal,  Con- 
gress granted  to  the  Illinois  Central  Railroad  Com- 
pany, land  sufficient  to  provide  for  the  construc- 
tion of  a  road  running  north  and  south  through  the 
central  part  of  the  State.  This  road,  finished  in  1856, 
extended  from  the  southern  end  of  the  canal  to  Cairo. 

Thus,  at  last,  Lake  Michigan  and  the  Mississippi 
River  were  connected,  and  the  central  part  of  the 
State,  along  the  line  of  the  canal  and  railroad,  was 
rapidly  filled  with  settlers. 

In  1831,  Black  Hawk,  a  chief  of  the  Sac  Indians, 
and  his  tribe,  who  had  been  transferred  beyond  the 
Mississippi,  returned  to  their  former  location  in  Illi- 
nois. They  were  joined  by  the  Fox  Indians  under 
their  chief,  Keokuk. 

A  desultory  Indian  war  followed,  lasting  some 
months,  with  the  usual  incidents  of  scalping  settlers 
and  burning  their  homes.  In  July,  1832,  the  savages 
were  defeated  in  battle,  and  Black  Hawk  and  Keokuk 


12  CRAWFORD'S  CIVIL  GOVERNMENT. 

captured.  This  was  the  State's  last  experience  of 
Indian  warfare. 

About  184O  a  number  of  Mormons  established 
themselves  at  Nauvoo.  They  organized  a  government 
for  themselves,  independent  and  in  defiance  of  the  laws 
of  the  State,  procured  cannon  and  small  arms,  and 
formed  a  military  force. 

Their  number  increased  rapidly.  Soon  the  prac- 
tice of  polygamy  was  introduced  among  them. 

Joseph  Smith,  their  leader,  would  not  permit 
officers  of  the  State  to  perform  their  duties  in  Nauvoo. 
Public  feeling  became  very  hostile  to  the  Mormons. 
Warrants  were  issued  for  the  arrest  of  Joseph  Smith 
and  his  brother  Hiram.  They  surrendered  themselves 
to  the  authorities,  were  discharged,  but  re-arrested  on 
a  charge  of  treason  and  placed  in  jail  in  the  town  of 
Carthage  to  await  trial.  A  mob  broke  open  the  jail 
and  murdered  them. 

During  the  next  two  years  the  country  about  Nau- 
voo was  almost  constantly  in  a  state  of  great  excite- 
ment. The  number  of  Mormons  had  increased  to 
17,000  people. 

They  were  accused  of  coining  counterfeit  money 
and  of  stealing  property  from  their  non-Mormon  neigh- 
bors, at  every  opportunity.  Riotous  proceedings  be- 
came frequent. 

In  the  spring  of  184£,  however,  all  the  Mormons 
but  about  1,000  left  the  State,  and  started  for  their 
new  home  in  Utah.  Those  left  behind  gave  no  further 
trouble. 

The  State's  relation  to  the  Mexican  war  requires 
little  notice.  It  contributed  its  quota  of  volunteers, 


CRAWFORD'S  CIVIL  GOVERNMENT.  13 

six  regiments,  who  served  with  honor  to  themselves 
and  credit  to  the  State. 

One  of  the  State's  later-adopted  sons,  however,  a 
young  second  lieutenant  in  a  regiment  of  regulars,  was 
then  receiving  his  first  experience  in  war,  and  was  un- 
consciously preparing  himself  for  the  great  Civil 
War,  in  which  he  was  to  take  the  leading  part.  His 
name  was  Ulysses  S.  Grant. 

lu  1854,  the  final  contest  over  the  slavery  question 
began.  The  "Missouri  Compromise"  Act  had  been 
repealed  by  Congress  for  the  purpose  of  making  Kan- 
sas a  slave  state. 

Illinois  furnished  to  the  nation  the  two  chief 
leaders  of  the  opposing  parties  in  this  contest  — 
Stephen  A.  Douglas  and  Abraham  Lincoln. 

Douglas  argued  that  the  people  residing  in  any 
territory  ought  to  be  allowed  to  decide  for  themselves 
whether  the  territory  should  become  a  free  or  a  slave 
state. 

Lincoln  urged  that  the  whole  nation  ought  to  unite 
in  preventing  the  formation  of  any  more  slave  states, 
because  slavery  was  wrong. 

In  I860,  Lincoln  was  nominated  for  President 
by  a  convention  of  the  Republican  party,  meeting  in 
Chicago.  The  leading  principle  of  the  platform  was 
opposition  to  the  spread  of  slavery. 

Douglas  was  nominated  by  the  Democratic  party, 
on  a  platform  embodying  his  favorite  principle  of 
"  Squatter  Sovereignty,"  which  was,  as  stated  above, 
that  settlers  in  the  territories  should  decide  the  slavery 
question  for  themselves. 

Thus,  as  Nathaniel  Pope  had  predicted  forty-two 


14  CRAWFORD'S  CIVIL  GOVERNMENT. 

years  before,  Illinois  took  the  chief  place  in  dealing 
with  the  subject  which  involved  the  question  of  de- 
stroying or  preserving  the  Union. 

And  when,  after  Lincoln's  inauguration  as  Presi- 
dent, in  1861,  the  South  began  war  to  destroy  the 
Union,  Douglas,  not  less  than  Lincoln,  took  his  stand 
for  its  preservation,  and  gave  to  his  successful  rival 
and  the  cause  he  represented,  the  most  cordial 
support. 

The  two  parties  followed  their  leaders  in  the  com- 
mon cause,  and  the  State  more  than  performed  its 
duty  in  the  struggle  following. 

Under  President  Lincoln's  first  call  for  volunteers, 
issued  April  15,  1861,  the  quota  of  Illinois  was  6,000 
men.  Within  ten  days,  more  than  10,000  were  en- 
listed. 

During  the  war,  the  State  sent  into  the  Union 
army  259,092  men.  Of  these,  5,888  were  killed,  and 
3,032  mortally  wounded  in  battle;  19,496  died  of  dis- 
ease, 967  died  in  Southern  prisons,  and  205  were  lost 
at  sea. 

The  first  great  Union  victory  was  won  principally 
by  Illinois  troops,  led  by  an  Illinois  General.  This 
was  the  capture  of  Fort  Donelson  with  14,000  Con- 
federate prisoners.  The  General  was  TJ.  S.  Grant. 

How  General  Grant  led  his  soldiers  to  other  victo- 
ries, was  made  General-in-Chief  of  the  Union  armies, 
and,  with  the  aid  of  his  brave  followers,  brought  the 
war  to  a  successful  close,  can  not  be  told  here. 

Nor  is  this  the  place  to  narrate  President  Lincoln's 
acts  during  the  dark  days  of  the  war. 

But  we  may,  with  just  pride,  remember  that  Illi- 


CRAWFORD'' s  CIVIL  GOVERNMENT.  15 

nois  has  given  to  the  nation  and  the  world,  the  greatest 
statesman  and  the  ablest  general  of  modern  times  — 
Abraham  Lincoln  and  Ulysses  S.  Grant. 

QUESTIONS.  . 
je 

Define  the  word  government. 

What  are  some  of  the  duties  of  citizens  ? 

What  is  the  simplest  form  of  government? 

Who  was  the  first  explorer  of  Illinois? 
o  the  next? 

When  did  they  come? 

When  and  where  was  the  first  settlement  made  ? 

What  did  LaSalle  do  on  his  third  visit? 

What  was  the  full  extent  of  LaSalle' s  plan? 

What  caused  war  between  France  and  England  in 
middle  of  the  18th  century  ? 

To  what  State  did  Illinois  originally  belong  ? 

What  was  the  Ordinance  of  1787?     Its  most  im- 
j>ortant  provision? 

Give   an   account  of   the    argument    of    Nathaniel 
Pope  in  1818. 

What  was  the  result  of  it? 

How  did  the  State  afterward  fulfill  Mr.  Pope's  pre- 
diction ? 

The  State's  first  capital?     Its  second?     Its  present 
capital  ? 

The  first  Governor,  and  Congressman? 

Population  of  the  new  State? 

First  object  of  the  Illinois  and  Michigan  Canal? 

Effect  of  the  canal  project  on  the  northern  part  of 
the  State? 


16  CRAWFORD'S  CIVIL  GOVERNMENT. 

Give  an  account  of  the  origin  of  the  Illinois  Cen- 
tral .Railroad. 

Its  effect  on  settlement? 

The  Black  Hawk  war? 

Give  an  account  of  the  Mormon  troubles. 

What  can  you  say  about  the  State  in  relation  to  the 
Mexican  war? 

What  important  question  arose  about  1854?  What 
two  men  led  in  its  discussion  ? 

What  are  some  of  the  things  done  by  Illinois  dur- 
ing the  Civil  war? 


CRAWFORD'S  CIVIL  GOVERNMENT.  17 


THE  HISTOKY  OF  CHICAGO. 

Chicago  is  situated  at  the  southern  end  of  Lake 
Michigan.  Its  Court  House  Square  is  in  latitude  41° 
52'  20"  North,  and  longitude  87°  37'  West  from 
Greenwich.  Its  elevation  above  the  level  of  the  sea 
is  about  600  feet.  Its  greatest  length  is  24  miles,  its 
greatest  width,  10^  miles,  and  its  territory  comprises 
174  square  miles. 

The  site  of  Chicago  was  first  visited  by  white  men 
in  the  winter  of  1674-5,  its  visitors  being  Marquette 
and  Joliet,  the  former  a  French  Jesuit  missionary,  the 
latter  a  French  trader. 

In  1795,  the  first  sale  of  land  occurred,  the  Indians 
selling  to  the  United  States,  a  "  piece  of  land  six 
miles  square  at  the  mouth  of  the  Chekajo  River." 
The  first  settler  arrived  the  next  year,  and  built  a 
cabin  on  the  north  bank  of  the  chief  branch  of  the 
Chicago  River. 

A  fort  named  "Fort  Dearborn"  was  built  in 
1804.  It  was  located  just  south  of  the  place  where 
Rush  Street  bridge  now  stands. 

The  first  business  done,  was  the  buying  of  furs 
from  the  Pottawatomie  and  other  Indian  tribes. 

In  1812,  the  Indians  massacred  most  of  the  soldiers 
in  the  fort  and  several  settlers,  including  two  women 
and  twelve  children,  and  burned  the  fort.  During 
the  next  four  years,  the  place  was  inhabited  only  by 
Indians. 


18  CRAWFORD'S  CIVIL  GOVERNMENT. 

In  1816,  the  fort  was  rebuilt,  and  garrisoned  by 
regular  soldiers. 

In  1827,  the  first  slaughterhouse  was  built. 
Archibald  Clybourne,  for  whom  a  North  Side  avenue 
was  afterward  named,  was  its  proprietor;  and  he 
entered  upon  the  business  of  furnishing  meat  to  the 
garrison  of  the  fort,  and  the  settlers  who  then  con- 
sisted of  three  families,  all  living  in  log  houses. 
Such  was  the  beginning  of  a  Chicago  industry  which, 
in  its  vast  extent,  is  unequaled  in  any  city  of  the 
world. 

At  this  time,  most  of  the  land  where  the  greatest 
business  houses  of  the  city  now  stand,  was  nearly  on  a 
level  with  the  lake,  and,  during  the  greater  part  of  the 
year,  was  little  better  than  a  swamp. 

The  first  map  of  Chicago,  made  in  1830,  fixed  its 
boundaries  as  Madison,  Desplaines,  Kinzie,  and  State 
streets. 

The  first  churches,  a  Presbyterian  and  a  Baptist, 
were  established  in  1833;  also  the  first  newspaper, 
The  Chicago  Democrat. 

In  the  same  year,  Chicago  was  incorporated  as  a 
town,  electing  four  trustees  as  its  governing  body. 

On  March  4,  1837,  it  became  a  city,  with  an  area 
of  about  ten  square  miles  divided  into  six  wards, 
each  of  which,  as  now,  elected  two  aldermen.  The 
population  of  the  new  city  was  4,170  persons.  Of 
these,  about  700  were  of  school  age  ;  and  for  these, 
the  city  employed  two  teachers! 

Ten  years  later,  the  first  railroad  was  begun. 
When  finished,  it  extended  from  Chicago  to  Freeport, 
121  miles.  When  it  was  chartered  in  1836,  there 


CRAWFORD'S  CIVIL  GOVERNMENT.  19 

were  not  more  than  1,000  miles  of  railroad  in  the 
United  States. 

In  1850,  the  city  began  to  use  gas  for  lighting  the 
streets.  During  the  same  year  a  Board  of  Trade  was 
organized. 

The  first  steam  grain  elevator  was  built  in  1851. 

Water  Works  began  to  supply  houses  with  water 
from  Lake  Michigan  in  1854. 

During  this  year  the  city  suffered  severely  from 
cholera.  Its  cause  was  thought  to  be  the  want  of 
drainage.  Sufficient  drainage  had  been  impossible 
in  a  great  part  of  the  city,  because  the  ground  was  so 
nearly  level  with  the  Lake.  Hence,  the  city  now 
began  to  use  earth,  dredged  from  the  river  and  thrown 
out  of  cellars,  to  raise  the  grade. 

Much  of  the  present  level  of  the  South  Division 
is  five  to  ten  feet  above  the  natural  level. 

By  such  filling,  perfect  drainage  became  possible, 
and  the  construction  of  sewers  was  carried  on 
rapidly,  so  that,  by  the  middle  of  1857,  the  thickly- 
settled  parts  of  the  city  were  well  drained. 

In  May,  1854,  Mr.  John  C.  Dore  was  appointed 
Chicago's  first  Superintendent  of  Public  Schools. 
He  introduced  examinations  as  a  means  of  determining 
in  what  classes  pupils  should  be  placed. 

A  police  force  for  day  duty,  consisting  of  fifty-four 
men,  was  organized  in  1855. 

The  North  and  South  Side  street  railways  began 
to  lay  rails  in  1859.  In  this  year,  the  first  steam  fire 
engine  was  used. 

In  1860,  the  population  of  the  city  was  over 
109,000,  the  total  valuation  of  property  over  $37,- 


20  CRAWFORD'S  CIVIL  GOVERNMENT. 

000,000,  and  the  capital  employed  that  year  in 
handling  farm  products  alone,  was  more  than  $59,- 
000,000. 

Churches,  schools  and  newspapers  had  multiplied 
in  proportion  to  the  increase  of  population  and 
business. 

The  year  1861  opened  on  the  people  deeply 
absorbed  in  the  countless  healthy  activities  of  a 
young  city,  already  the  metropolis  of  the  best  agri- 
cultural region  in  the  world. 

But,  on  April  14,  of  that  year,  word  came  that  the 
national  flag:  had  been  iusulted  in  Charleston  harbor, 
and  a  national  fort  captured  by  rebels.  Then,  in- 
stantly, business  was  forgotten,  and,  with  it,  all  other 
interests  save  one  —  how  to  preserve  the  National 
Union. 

People  filled  the  streets,  animated  by  one  feeling 
—  patriotism  —  and  begged  that  they  might  be  allowed 
to  aid  the  new  President  in  suppressing  the  rebellion. 
On  April  19th,  Governor  Yates  called  for  volunteer 
soldiers,  and,  at  11  o'clock  on  the  morning  of  the  21st, 
GOO  men  and  four  cannons  were  sent  from  Chicago 
in  response  to  the  call. 

Several  thousand  other  volunteers  offered  them- 
selves within  a  few  weeks  following,  whom  the  govern- 
ment was  not  then  able  to  accept. 

Later,  the  city  was  invited  to  do  all  it  would  for 
the  great  cause  of  freedom  and  union;  and  nobly  it 
responded  to  the  invitation. 

Chicago  and  Cook  County  together  sent  22,532 
men  into  the  Union  army  during  the  war,  and  paid 
$62,OOO,OOO  of  the  total  expenses  of  the  war. 


CRAWFORD'S  CIVIL  GOVERNMENT.  21 

Chicago's  happiest  day  was  April  3,  1865,  when  it 
heard  that  Richmond  had  been  captured  by  Gen. 
Grant's  army,  and  its  saddest  day  (before  October  9, 
1871)  was  April  19,  when  it  heard  of  the  death  of 
Abraham  Lincoln,  the  State's  greatest  son,  and,  after 
Washington,  the  nation's  greatest  benefactor 

The  body  of  the  murdered  President  lay  in  state  in 
the  Court  House  a  day  and  a  night,  on  its  way  to  inter- 
ment at  Springfield,  and  an  unbroken  procession  of 
sincere  mourners  throughout  the  night,  as  well  as  the 
day,  filed  by,  to  cast  a  last  look  upon  one  whom  they 
had  all  learned  to  love  as  a  personal  friend. 

The  year  following  the  close  of  the  war  was  not  a 
prosperous  one  for  Chicago;  but,  with  1806,  began  an 
era  of  extraordinary  prosperity,  which  continued,  with 
no  sign  of  decrease,  till  the  terrible  night  of  October 
8-9,  1871. 

In  1870,  the  population  was  30O,OOO,  and  the  trade 
in  materials  and  manufactured  articles  received  in  the 
city  was  $400,000,000. 

The  business  of  wholesalers  was  $402,500,000,  and 
that  of  importers  $84,000,000. 

The  sales  of  real  estate  for  the  year  amounted  to 
$42,000,000,  the  whole  valuation  of  the  real  estate  of 
the  city  being  about  $420,000,000. 

The  year  1871  brought  still  greater  increase  of 
prosperity.  The  city's  thousand  forms  of  industrial 
development  and  pleasure  were  in  the  highest  state 
of  activity,  when,  in  a  night,  all  development  stopped 
and  pleasure  ceased.  Within  two  days  and  nights 
forty-five  per  cent,  of  the  city's  wealth  was  destroyed, 


22  CRAWFORD'S  CIVIL  GOVERNMENT. 

and  more  than  one-quarter  of  its  people  were  made 
homeless. 

The  Great  Fire  began  at  9  o'clock,  P.  M.,  October  8, 
in  a  little  stable  on  the  West  Side;  destroyed  500 
buildings  there;  passed  over  the  Biver  to  the  South 
Side  at  midnight,  and  there  destroyed  3,650  buildings. 
At  3  o'clock  A.  M.,  the  same  night,  it  descended  upon 
the  North  Side,  and  within  twenty-four  hours,  had 
consumed  13,300  buildings. 

When  the  fire  ceased,  $28O,OOO,OOO  worth  of  prop- 
erty had  been  destroyed,  and  98,5OO  people  made 
homeless. 

The  fire  had  started  on  Sunday  night.  On  Tues- 
day following,  the  work  of  resuming  business  was 
begun.  The  Board  of  Trade  rented  a  room  and  began 
to  prepare  it  for  business.  Before  the  end  of  the  day, 
twelve  banks  procured  temporary  quarters,  and  on 
Thursday  began  to  pay  out  money  to  their  depositors. 

Rebuilding  soon  began,  and,  within  three  months, 
a  great  number  of  new  buildings  had  been  completed, 
not  inferior  to  those  burned.  Before  three  years  had 
passed,  nearly  the  whole  of  the  burnt  district  was 
again  covered  with  buildings,  most  of  them  superior 
to  those  which  had  been  burned. 

Much  of  the  reconstructing  of  the  city  had  to  be 
done,  however,  on  borrowed  capital,  which  it  required 
many  years  to  repay. 

Such  repayment  was  made  more  difficult  by  the  hard 
times  which  followed  the  "  Panic  of  1873."  During 
this  period,  real  estate,  especially,  depreciated  in 
value,  so  that,  for  some  years,  it  could  scarcely  be 


CRAWFORD'S  CIVIL  GOVERNMENT.  23 

sold  for  any  prices,  except  such  as  were  ruinous  to  its 
owners. 

This  condition  continued  till  about  the  year  1881, 
when  a  new  era  of  prosperity  began,  which,  at  this 
writing  (1890),  has  not  closed. 

Annexations  of  territory  have  been  made  that 
swell  the  city's  population  to  probably  1,200,000. 

The  estimated  value  of  its  business  for  the  year 
1889  amounted  to  $1,177,000,000. 

Having  thus  briefly  viewed  Chicago's  marvelous 
development,  in  little  more  than  a  half  century,  from  a 
frontier  village  scarcely  known  outside  the  county  in 
which  it  was  situated,  till  it  has  become  a  metropolis 
trading  with  every  country  of  the  world,  we  ought  to 
be  interested  in  learning  whether  its  wonderful  terri- 
torial and  commercial  growth  have  been  equaled  by 
the  development  of  its  civil  policy;  whether  it  has 
produced  a  form  and  method  of  government  which 
furnish  to  all  within  its  limits,  protection  in  the  enjoy- 
ment of  all  their  rights. 

QUESTIONS. 

What  kind  of  government  is  a  City  Council  ? 

What  are  the  latitude  and  longitude  of  Chicago, 
and  its  elevation  above  the  sea? 

When  was  Chicago  first  visited  by  white  men? 

When  did  its  first  settler  arrive? 

What  was  Chicago's  first  business  ?  What  its 
second? 


24  CRAWFORD'S  CIVIL  GOVERNMENT. 

What  were  Chicago's  first  boundaries? 

When  were  its  first  churches  and  first  newspaper 
established  ? 

When  was  Chicago  first  incorporated?  When,  as 
a  city? 

When  was  the  first  Chicago  railroad  begun? 

Name  Chicago's  first  Superintendent  of  Schools. 

Give  an  account  of  Chicago's  part  in  the  Civil  War. 

Population  of  Chicago  in  1870. 

Give  an  account  of  the  Great  Fire  of  1871. 

Sketch  the  city's  growth  since  that  event. 


CRAWFORD'S  CIVIL  GOVERNMENT.  25 


THE  GOVEKNMENT  OF  CHICAGO. 

The  present  Constitution  of  the  State  of  Illinois, 
adopted  in  18TO,  was  framed  with  the  design  of  leaving 
to  the  cities  of  the  State,  as  fully  as  possible,  exclusive 
control  of  their  own  affairs. 

To  this  end,  the  Legislature  of  the  State  enacted  a 
a  law,  which  went  into  effect  July  1,  1872,  providing 
for  the  incorporation  and  'government  of  the  cities  of 
the  State. 

Chicago  became  incorporated  under  this  law  by 
virtue  of  an  election  held  April  23,  1875. 

The  officers  of  the  corporation  of  Chicago  are: 
Aldermen,  Clerk,  Comptroller,  Collector, 

^  O    *jftnissioner  of  Public  Works    Treasurer,   Corpo- 

v 

lation  Counsel,  City  Attorney »  Tosecuting  Attor- 
ney, Health  Commissioner,  Physician,  Superintend- 
ent of  House  of  Correction,  Sealer  of  Weights  and 
Measures,  Fire  Marshal,  General  Superintendent  of 
Police,  Gas  Inspector,  Inspector  of  Oils,  Inspector 
of  Steam  Boilers  and  Inspector  of  Fish.  ,/ 

The  city  election  occurs  annually,  on'  the  first 
Tuesday  in  April. 

One  Alderman  is  elected  every  year  from  each 
ward,  and  holds  office  two  years. 

Once  in  two  years,  a  Tlayor,  Clerk,  City  Attorney, 
and  Treasurer  are  elected,  for  a  term  of  two  years. 

All  the  other  officers  named  above  are  appointed 


26  CRAWFORD'S  CIVIL  GOVERNMENT. 

by  the  Mayor,  with  the  consent  of  the  Council,  for  a 
term  of  two  years. 

The  Legislative  Department  of  the  city  consists 
of  the  Mayor,  the  Aldermen,  and  the  City  Clerk. 

The  Mayor  and  Aldermen  compose  the  City  Council. 

THE   MAYOR. 

The  Mayor  is  the  chief  executive  officer  of  the 
city.  Some  of  his  duties  are: 

To  preside  at  the  meetings  of  the  Council. 

To  give  the  Council,  once  a  year,  and  oftener  if 
necessary,  advice  in  writin'g,  about  the  affairs  of  the 
city. 

To  sign  ordinances  passed  by  the  Council,  if  he 
approves  them. 

To  suppress  public  disorder. 

To  supervise  the  conduct  of  all  city  officers ;  and  to 
see  that  all  city  ordinances  are  faithfully  executed. 

He  may  vote  when  a  tie  occurs,  and  may  veto  such 
ordinances  as  he  disapproves. 

An  ordinance  vetoed  by  the  Mayor,  can  be  passed 
by  the  vote  of  a  majority  consisting  of  two-thirds  of 

the  Aldermen. 

The  Mayor  is  assisted  in  his  personal  duties  by  a 

Secretary  appointed  by  himself,  and  paid  by  the 
city. 

THE   ALDERMEN. 

Chicago  is  divided  into  thirty-four  wards,  each  ot 
which  elects  two  Aldermen. 

An  Alderman  must  be  a  legal  voter,  and  reside  in 
his  ward. 


CRAWFORD'S  CIVIL  GOVERXMflBFT?  27 

»  X 

While  he  is  an  Alderman  he  can  not  hold  any 
other  city  office,  or  be  interested  in  any  private  busi- 
ness in  which  money  is  received  from  the  city. 

The  duties  of  the  Council  are: 

To  take  care  of  the  property  and  finances  of  the 
city. 

To  levy  taxes  for  city  purposes. 

To  borrow  money,  if  necessary,  for  the  use  of  the 

city.  .    .       ^. 

To  appropriate,  annually,  a  sum  sufficient  to  pay 
the  city's  expense^  for  a  year. 

To  make,  improve,  and  care  for,  streets,  sidewalks, 
alleys,  bridges,  parks,  etc. 

To  regulate  vessels  using  the  River. 

To  issue  licenses. 

To  provide  for  the  inspection  of  food,  so  that  only 
wholesome  food  shall  be  sold. 

To  provide  for  extinguishing  fires. 

To  govern  the  police. 

To  care  for  the  health  of  the  people. 

And  to  pass  all  ordinances  and  rules  necessary  to 
carry  into  effect  the  powers  granted  to  the  city  by  the 
Constitution  and  laws  of  the  State. 

The  Council  can  make  but  one  appropriation  in  a 
year;  and  can  not  borrow  money  exceeding  five  per 
cent,  of  the  value  of  the  taxable  property  of  the  city, 
and  must  provide  for  the  repayment  within  twenty 
years  of  any  sum  borrowed. 

CITY   CLERK. 

It  is  the  duty  of  the  Clerk  to  keep  the  corporate 
seal  and  all  papers  belonging  to  the  city;  to  attend 


28  CRAWFORD'S  CIVIL  GOVERNMENT. 

all  meetings  of  the  Council  and  keep  a  record  of  its 
proceedings ;  and  to  deliver  to  the  Mayor,  ordinances 
passed  by  the  Council. 

The  Clerk  is  provided  with  a  Chief  Deputy  Clerk, 
and  other  necessary  assistant  clerks,  such  Chief 
Deputy  and  assistants  being  paid  by  the  city. 

QUESTIONS. 

PN  When  did  Chicago  last  become  incorporated  as  a 
city? 

Name  its  officers.     How  do  they  get  their  offices? 

When  does  the  city  election  occur  ? 

Who  are  the  Legislative  Department  of  the  city  ? 

What  are  the  duties  of  the  Mayor  ?   y^ 

How  can  an  ordinance  be  passed  over  the  Mayor's 
veto? 

How  many  wards  in  the  city  ? 

Qualifications  of  an  Alderman  ? 

Duties  of  City  Council  ? 

Power  of  the  Council  to  borrow  money  ? 


CIVIL  SERVICE   COMMISSION  OF  CHICAGO. 

The  Civil  Service  Commission  consists  of  three 
members,  not  more  than  two  of  whom  can  be  mem- 
bers of  the  same  political  party.  They  are  appointed 
by  the  Mayor,  one  being  appointed  each  year,  for 
a  term  of  three  years.  They  can  be  removed  by 
the  Mayor  at  any  time,  if  they  fail  to  perform  their 
duties  properly. 

They  control  the  appointment  of  all  officers  and 
employes  of  the  City,  except  officers  who  are  elected 


CRAWFORD'S  CIVIL  GOVERNMENT.  29 

by  the  people  or  whose  appointment  is  subject  to  con- 
firmation by  the  City  Council,  judges  and  clerks  of 
elections,  members  of  the  Board  of  Education,  the 
superintendents  and  teachers  of  the  public  schools,  the 
heads  of  the  principal  departments  of  the  City,  mem- 
bers of  the  Law  Department,  and  the  private  secretary 
of  the  Mayor. 

The  method  by  which  such  appointments  are  made, 
is  competitive  examination.  The  commissioners 
form  classes  of  the  offices  and  places  within  their 
control,  and  such  offices  and  places  are  called  the 
Classified  Civil  Service  of  the  City. 

A  class  is  composed  of  offices  or  places  having 
the  sam  e  or  similar  duties. 

The  Civil  Service  Commissioners  make  rules  for 
examinations,  appointments  and  removals;  and  they 
'are  required  to  print  such  rules,  and  publish  in  a  daily 
paper  of  general  circulation  in  the  City,  a  notice  of 
the  place  where  copies  of  the  rules  can  be  obtained. 

The  Commissioners  from  time  to  time  give  notice 
that  an  examination  will  be  held,  at  a  specified  time 
and  place,  of  all  persons  who  may  wish  to  secure  em- 
ployment in  the  respective  classes.  Such  notice  must 
be  published  in  a  city  daily  paper  of  general  circula- 
tion and  be  posted  in  the  Commissioners'  office  at  least 
two  weeks  before  the  examination. 

The  names  of  those  who  pass  a  satisfactory  exam- 
ination are  registered  in  books  kept  in  the  Commis- 
sioners' office  (the  names  being  graded  according 
to  the  rank  of  the  candidates  in  their  examination); 
and  when  the  officer  who  is  head  of  a  department  has 
a  place  to  be  filled,  he  notifies  the  Commissioners  of 


30  CRAWFORD'  ^  CIVIL  GOVERNMENT. 

such  fact,  and  they  send  to  him  the  name  of  the  person 
standing  highest  in  the  register  of  that  class,  whom 
the  officer  then  appoints  to  fill  that  place  on  probation 
for  the  period  which  has  been  fixed  by  the  Commis- 
sioners in  their  rules  for  that  class. 
1^  During  such  period  a  candidate  may  be  discharged 
with  the  consent  of  the  Commissioners,  reasons  for 
such  discharge  having  been  filed  in  writing  with  the 
Commissioners. 

After  the  period  of  probation  has  passed,  no  em- 
ploye in  the  Classified  Civil  Service  can  be  dismissed, 
unless  charges  in  writing  against  such  person  have 
been  filed  with  the  Commissioners.  When  such 
charges  have  been  filed,  the  Commissioners  fix  a  time 
for  hearing  the  same,  when  such  person  is  allowed  to 
appear  and  make  defense.  The  decision  of  the  Com- 
missioners is  made  known  to  the  appointing  officer 
and  he  must  at  once  enforce  the  same. 

Laborers  may,  after  passing  examination,  be  ap- 
pointed by  loT;  and  laborers,  and  persons  having  the 
custody  of  money  for  the  safe  keeping  of  which  other 
persons  have  given  bonds,  may  be  dismissed  without 
charges  and  trial  by  the  Commissioners. 

-,  It  is  the  duty  of  the  Commissioners  to  provide  also 
for  promotions  in  the  Classified  Civil  Service  by  com- 
petitive examination. 

The  Commissioners  employ  an  Examiner  in  Chief 
whose  duty  it  is,  under  the  direction  of  the  Commis- 
sioners, to  superintend  examinations.  He  also  acts 
as  secretary  of  the  Commission. 


CRAWFORD'S  SIVIL  GOVERNMENT.  31 


DEPARTM^T  OF  FINANCE. 
This  Department  has  control  of  the  city's  mouex 

—  its  receipt  and  expenditure.  It  embraces  the 
Comptroller,  Treasurer,  and  Collector,  and  their 
assistants.  The  head  ofHhis  department  is 

THE    COMPTROLLER. 

He  has  control  of  all  the  affairs  of  the  Department. 

Some  of  his  duties  are: 

To  examine  claims  against  the  city  for  damages  to 
person  or  property. 

To  supervise  all  officers  of  the  city  who  receive  and 
pay  out  the  city's  money,  requiring  them  to  report  to 
him  monthly,  in  writing,  under  oath,  all  their  receipts 
and  disbursements. 

To  submit  the  substance  of  such  report  to  the 
Council,  at  its  next  regular  meeting. 

The  Comptroller  must  also  annually  report  to  the 
finance  committee  of  the  Council,  all  sums  of  money 
received  and  paid  out  on  the  city's  account  during  the 
preceding  year,  and  submit  to  the  Council  estimates 
of  the  probable  expenses  of  the^city  government  during 
the  next  year.  /__>-'**' 

The  Mayor  must  sign,  and  the  Comptroller  coun- 
tersign, all  orders  on  the  City  Treasurer  for  money. 

THE    TREASURER. 

It  is  the  fluty  of  the  Treasurer  to  receive  and  safely 
keep  all  money  belonging  to  the  city,  to  pay  it  out 
only  on  the  order  of  the  Mayor  and  Comptroller, 

and  to  report  monthly  to  the  latter,  all  sums 
and  paid  out  during  the  month  preceding. 


32  CRAWFORD'S  CIVIL  GOVERNMENT. 


THE   COLLECTOR. 

It  is  his  duty  to  collect  license  fees  and  taxes  levied 
as  special  assessments,  and  to  pay  all  his  receipts, 
daily,  to  the  Treasurer. 

Special  assessments  are  taxes  levied  for  a  special 
purpose,  and  on  property  only  in  a  specified  part  of  the 
city.  For  example,  if  a  street  is  to  be  paved,  taxes 
for  such  paving  levied  only  on  property  fronting  on 
such  street  would  be  special  assessments. 

DEPARTMENT  OF  PUBLIC  WORKS. 

The  officers  of  this  department  are:  Commissioner 
of  Public  "Works,  his  Secretary,  City  Engineer, 
Superintendent  of  Streets,  Superintendent  of  Paving, 
Superintendent  of  Water,  Superintendent  of  Sewer- 
age, Superintendent  of  Special  Assessments,  and 
Superintendent  of  Maps. 

The  Commissioner  is  the  chief  officer  of  the  De- 
partment. 

Some  of  his  duties  are. 

To  have  special  charge  of  all  public  grounds  of 
the  city,  such  as  streets,  sidewalks,  parks,  etc. ;  of  all 
public  buildings  belonging  to  the  city;  of  all  the 
city  lights,  and  of  the  city  Water  Works,  including 
the  collection  of  water  rents. 

He  also  has  charge  of  all  public  improvements,  and 
of  special  assessments  to  be  levied  for  the  same. 

It  is  his  duty  to  supervise  all  the  expenditures 
mn^e  by  the  Department,  and  report  annually,  to  the 
Council,  all  the  work  done,  and  the  sums  of  money 


CRAWFORD'S  CIVIL  GOVERNMENT.  33 

received  and  expended  by  the  Department  during  the 
year  past,  and  to  submit  estimates  of  its  probable 
expenses  during  the  year  to  come. 

It  is  plain  that  the  Commissioner  can  not  discharge 
all  his  duties  in  person.  He  has  to  act  mostly  through 
his  subordinate  officers.  His  duties  are,  therefore, 
divided  among  them,  as  follows: 

The  Commissioner's  Secretary  attends  in  the  office 
of  the  Department  during  business  hours,  and  has 
charge  of  the  books  and  papers  of  the  Department. 

The  City  Engineer  has  charge  of  the  building  and 
repairing,  of  bridges,  viaducts  and  waterworks,  and  the 
laying  of  public  water  pipes. 

The  Superintendent  of  Streets  has  charge  of  the 
improvement  and  repair  of  streets,  alleys  and  side- 
walks. 

The  Superintendent  of  Water  has  charge  of  the 
collection  of  water  taxes;  and  it  is  his  duty  to  pay  to 
the  City  Treasurer,  daily,  all  such  taxes  collected. 

The  Superintendent  of  Sewers  supervises  the  con- 
struction of  all  public  and  private  sewers  and  catch- 
basins. 

The  Superintendent  of  Special  Assessments  has 
charge  of  the  levying  of  special  taxes  on  land  to  pay 
for  public  improvements  to  be  made  near  such  land. 

The  Superintendent  of  Maps  has  charge  of  the 
records  of  city  maps  and  plats,  and  of  matters  relating 
to  street  numbers. 

DEPARTMENT    OF    BUILDINGS. 

This  is  one  of  the  most  important  departments  of 
the  city  government.  Its  officers,  (together  with 


34  CRAWFORD'S  CIVIL  GOVERNMENT. 

Superintendent  of  Sewers  and  Health  Commissioner), 
are  especially  charged  with  the  care  of  the  bodily 
safety  and  health  of  every  person  in  the  city. 

The  Commissioner  of  Buildings  is  its  head  officer. 
He  is  assisted  by  his  Secretary,  the  Inspector  of 
Elevators,  Inspector  of  Buildings,  and  other  employe's 
of  the  Department. 

It  is  the  Commissioner's  duty  to  enforce  all  ordi- 
nances relating  to  the  safety  of  buildings  and  eleva- 
tors, and  to  prevent  the  accumulation  of  combustible 
materials  where  they  are  liable  to  produce  fires. 

Whenever  requested  by  two  or  more  persons,  who 
state  that  the  ventilation  of  any  workshop  or  factory 
is  imperfect,  or  that  its  doors  or  stairways  are 
dangerous  in  case  of  fire,  or  that  its  heating  appara- 
tus is  unsafe,  the  Commissioner  must  examine  such 
place,  and  compel  the  person  in  possession  to  make 
necessary  changes. 

The  Commissioner,  at  least  once  in  six  months, 
must  inspect  all  public  school  buildings,  halls, 
churches,  and  theaters,  and  all  huildings  used  for 
manufacturing  purposes,  to  learn  whether  they  are 
safe  buildings,  properly  ventilated,  used  in  safe  ways, 
and  capable  of  allowing  a  crowd  of  persons  to  escape 
without  injury,  in  case  of  fire. 

It  is  also  his  duty  to  inspect  buildings  while  being 
erected,  and  to  see  that  they  are  constructed  in  a  safe 
manner  and  according  to  the  city  ordinances. 

He  must  investigate  the  cause  of  all  fires  that 
occur  in  the  city. 

The    Commissioner's    Secretary    performs    duties 


CRAWFORD'S  CIVIL  GOVERNMENT.  35 

similar  to  those  of  the  Secretary  of  the  Commissioner 
of  Public  Works. 

The  Inspectors  of  Buildings  and  Elevators  must 
be  experienced  architects,  builders,  or  mechanics. 

Their  duties  are  sufficiently  indicated  by  their  official 
titles. 

QUESTIONS. 

Define  Civil  Service  Commission. 

Define  Department  of  Finance  and  name  its 
officers. 

Power  of  its  chief  officers  ?     Their  duties  ? 

Officers  of  Department  of  Public  Works?  Their 
duties  ? 

Who  collects  water  taxes  ? 

9 

Define  special  assessments. 

Why  is  the  Department  of  Buildings  very  impor- 
tant? 

Name  its  chief  officers? 

What  are  some  of  the  Commissioner's  duties? 

What  are  the  qualifications  of  the  Inspectors  of 
this  Department? 


DEPARTMENT    OF    LA.W. 

The  Law  Department  consists  of  the  Corporation 
Counsel,  City  Attorney,  Prosecuting-  Attorney,  and 

their  assistants. 

The  head  of  the  Department  is  the  Corporation 
Counsel. 

He  superintends,  and  with  the  assistance  of  the 
City  Attorney  and  City  Prosecutor,  conducts  the  city's 


36  CRAWFORD'S  CIVIL  GOVERNMENT. 

law  business;  draws  legal  papers,  when  requested  by 
the  head  of  any  Department;  and  furnishes  written 
opinions  upon  subjects  proposed  to  him  by  the  Mayor, 
Aldermen,  or  any  of  the  Departments. 
if  The  City  Attorney  assists  the  Corporation  Counsel 
*as  directed  by  the  latter;  keeps  a  register  of  all  suits 
in  which  the  city  is  a  party;  and  annually  reports  to 
the  Council  what  he  has  done  during  the  year  in 
regard  to  such  suits. 

The  Prosecuting  Attorney  is  required  to  carry  on 
suits  against  persons  who  violate  any  city  ordinances, 
and  to  prosecute  persons  charged  with  crime  in  the 

POLICE   COURTS. 

The  Judges  of  the  Superior,  Circuit,  and  County 
courts,  of  Cook  County,  are  required  by  law,  on  or 
before  April  1,  every  fourth  year,  to  send  to  the 
Governor  of  the  State,  the  names  of  forty-eight 
men  competent  to  serve  as  Justices  of  the  Peace; 
nine  for  the  Town  of  West  Chicago,  nine  for  the  Town 
of  South  Chicago,  five  for  the  Town  of  North  Chicago, 
five  for  the  Town  of  Lake  View,  five  for  the  Town  of 
Jefferson,  five  for  the  Town  of  Lake,  seven  for  the 
Town  of  Hyde  Park,  and  three  for  the  Town  of 
Calumet.* 

These,  the  Governor  is  required  by  law,  with  the 
consent  of  the  State  Senate,  to  appoint  to  such  offices. 

From  these  Justices,  the  Mayor,  with  the  consent 
of  the  Council,  appoints,  biennially,  one  or  more,  to 

*The  Towns  named  above,  and  part  of  Calumet,  are  within  the 
City  of  Chicago,  and  are  organized  and  governed  as  townships  ac- 
cording to  the  Township  Organization  Laws  of  the  State.  [See  page 
73  to  86.]  At  the  same  time,  as  portions  of  the  city  of  Chicago,  they 
are  as  fully  subject  to  all  its  laws  and  ordinances  as  if  they  had  no 
township  government. 


CBAWFORD'S  CIVIL  GOVERNMENT.  87 

preside  over  each  of  the  city  Police  Courts.  When 
so  appointed,  they  are  called  Police  Magistrates. 

They  must  hold  two  sessions  of  their  courts  daily, 
except  on  Sundays.  All  persons  arrested  by  the  police 
are  brought  before  a  Police  Magistrate,  who  hears  the 
evidence,  and,  if  the  prisoner  is  found  guilty,  fines 
him,  or  commits  him  to  the  Grand  Jury.  [See 
page  89.]* 

If  the  prisoner  does  not  pay  his  fine,  the  Magis- 
trate commits  him  to  the  House  of  Correction  (com- 
monly known  as  the  Bridewell). 

The  Mayor  may  pardon  persons  thus  fined. 

Each  Police  Magistrate  is  required  to  keep  a  record 
of  the  cases  tried  before  him,  and  file  it  in  the  Comp- 
troller's office,  monthly. 

Police  Court  Clerks  and  Bailiffs  are  appointed  by 
the  Mayor,  with  the  consent  of  the  Council. 

It  is  the  duty  of  each  Clerk  to  keep  a  full  record 
of  all  the  cases  tried  in  the  court  to  which  he  is 
assigned,  and  to  submit  to  the  Comptroller  a  report 
of  such  cases,  and  pay  to  the  Treasurer,  daily,  all 
money  received. 

It  is  a  Bailiff's  duty  to  preserve  order  in  the  court. 

The  prisons  to  which  Police  Justices  may  commit 
prisoners  are  the  County  Jail  and  the  House  of  Cor- 
rection. 

The  Washingtonian  Home,  Martha  Washington 
Home,  House  of  the  Good  Shepherd,  and  Erring- 
Woman's  Refuge  are  charitable  institutions,  but  they 
receive  certain  portions  of  the  city's  revenue  derived 
from  liquor  license  fees  and  fines ;  and,  by  consent  of 

their  officers,  they  receive  inebriates  and  erring  wo- 
*Under  a  law  euacted  in  1893,  no  person  can  be  imprisoned  for 
non-payment  of  a  floe  imposed  by  a  Police  Magistrate,  unless  such 
person  has  been  triei  by  a  jury,  or  has  waived  his  right  to  a  jury,  in 
writing  signed  by  hi  *elf . 


38  CBAWFOED'S  CIVIL  GOVEENMENT. 

men  who  have  been  found  guilty  in  the  Police  Courts. 

The  object  of  these  institutions  is  to  secure  the 
reform  of  such  prisoners. 

(The  Washingtonian  Home  receives  only  male 
inebriates. ) 

THE   HOUSE   OF   COEEECTION. 

This  is  the  city  prison,  commonly  known  as  the 
Bridewell.  It  is  situated  between  Twenty-sixth  street 
and  the  West  Branch  of  the' South  Branch  of  the 
Chicago  River. 

It  is  under  the  control  of  a  Board  of  three  Inspec- 
tors, appointed  by  the  Mayor,  with  the  consent  of  the 
Council. 

These  Inspectors  serve  without  pay.  The  Mayor 
is,  ex-officio,  also  a  member  of  the  Board. 

The  Mayor,  with  the  consent  of  the  Inspectors, 
appoints  a  Superintendent,  who  holds  his  office  four 
years.  He  must  reside  at  the  House  of  Correction, 
and  give  all  his  time  to  its  affairs. 

Prisoners  confined  in  this  prison  are  required  to 
work  every  secular  day,  and  they  are  allowed  a  credit 
of  fifty  cents  a  day  for  such  work  toward  the  payment 
of  their  fines.  When  the  sum  of  such  credits  due  a 
prisoner  equals  his  fine  and  the  costs,  he  is  dis- 
charged. 

QUESTIONS. 

Of  what  does  the  Law  Department  consist? 
Who  is  its  chief  officer? 
What  are  the  duties  of  each  of  its  officers? 
How    are    Justices    of    the  Peace   appointed   for 
Chicago  ? 


CRAWFORD'S  CIVIL  GOVERNMENT.  39 

How  do  Justices  become  Police  Magistrates? 

Duties  of  Police  Magistrates  and  Police  Court 
Clerks? 

To  what  prisons  can  such  Magistrates  commit 
prisoners  ? 

What  is  the  Bridewell?     How  is  it  conducted? 

What  is  the  object  of  the  Washingtonian  Home? 

How  may  prisoners  be  discharged  from  the  Bride- 
well without  paying  their  fines  in  money? 


DEPARTMENT    OF    HEALTH. 

This  Department,  like  that  of  Buildings,  is  of  the 
greatest  importance  to  every  resident  of  Chicago,  be- 
ing charged,  as  it  is,  with  the  duty  of  preserving  the 
health  of  the  people  of  the  city. 

Its  officers  are,  the  Commissioner  of  Health,  Su- 
perintendent of  Police,  and  City  Physician. 

The  Commissioner  has  a  general  supervision  of  the 
City  Hospital. 

It  is  his  duty  to  stop  the  progress  of  all  conta- 
gions diseases. 

To  quarantine  boats  and  railway  trains,  when 
they  are  liable  to  bring  contagious  diseases  into  the 
city. 

To  vaccinate,  without  charge,  all  persons  who 
apply  to  him. 

To  cause  nuisances  to  be  removed ;  and  to  do 
anything  else  that  may  be  necessary  to  keep  the  air  of 
the  city  pure. 


40  CRAWFORD'S  CIVIL  GOVERNMENT. 

The  Commissioner  is  clothed  with  some  extra- 
ordinary powers.  If  he  has  reason  to  believe  that 
there  is  within  a  building  any  cause  of  disease,  he  has 
a  right  to  enter  such  building,  at  any  hour  in  the  day- 
time, and  take  up  floors,  and  use  any  other  necessary 
means  to  discover  the  cause  of  such  disease. 

*CITY    PHYSICIAN. 

The  City  Physician  must  give  medical  attendance 
to  patients  in  the  City  Hospital,  Pest  House,  Police 
Stations,  and  City  Prisons,  and  render  assistance  to 
the  Commissioner  in  other  ways. 


QUESTIONS. 

What  is  the  general  duty  of  the  Department  of 
Health  ? 

What  are  some  of  the  Commissioner's  especial 
duties  ? 

His  authority  over  his  assistants  ? 

Name  some  of  his  powers. 

Why  is  he  given  extraordinary  powers  i 

Duties  of  City  Physician  ? 


CRAWFORD'S   CIVIL   GOVERNMENT.  41 

DEPARTMENT    OF    POLICE. 

It  is  the  duty  of  members  of  this  Department  to 
protect  all  persons  in  the  city  from  injury  by  the  dis- 
orderly and  criminal.  Policemen  have  to  deal  with 
not  only  the  worst,  but,  also,  the  most  unfortunate 
classes  of  society. 

A  good  police  officer  must  be  a  man  of  courage, 
intelligence  and  wisdom ;  and  he  must  have  integrity 
and  kindness. 

Chicago  has  many  such  police  officers.  Since  the 
awful  night  of  May  4,  1886,  the  fame  of  the  city's 
police  force,  for  both  courage  and  moderation,  has 
filled  the  world. 

The  Mayor  is  commander-in-chief  of  the  police 
force;  but  its  immediate  head  is 


THE  SUPERINTENDENT  OR  CHIEF  OF  POLICE. 

He  has  absolute  control  of  all  members  9f  the 
Department  while  they  are  on  duty. 

Members  of  the  Police  Force,  below  the  Chief,  are 
ranked  as  Inspectors,  Captains,  Lieutenants,  Ser- 
geants, and  Patrolmen. 

In  times  of  public  peril,  the  Superintendent  may 
appoint  from  the  citizens,  temporarily,  any  required 
number  of  special  patrolmen. 

Some  members  of  the  force  are   detailed  to  act  as 


42  CRAWFORD'S  CIVIL  GOVERNMENT. 

detectives  for  the  discovery  of  criminals.    Such  officers 
constitute  a  distinct  department  of  the  force. 

QUESTIONS. 

What  are  a  policeman's  general  duties? 

What  are  the  qualifications  of  a  good  policeman? 
Why? 

What  famous  event  happened  in  Chicago,  on  the 
night  of  May  4,  1886? 

Powers  of  the  Chief?     His  duties? 

What  are  "  special  patrolmen?  " 


Chicago  has  cause  to  be  proud,  also,  of  its 

FIRE    DEPARTMENT. 

When  the  fire  alarm  signal  sounds,  the  firemen 
slide  down  vertical  poles  from  their  quarters  above  the 
engine  room,  the  horses  of  their  own  accord,  go 
instantly  to  their  places,  and,  in  an  average  time  of 
less  than  a  quarter  of  a  minute  after  the  signal  is 
heard,  the  horses  are  hitched,  the  men  mounted,  and 
all  are  on  their  way  toward  the  fire. 

This  Department  embraces  a  Fire  Marshal,  Secre- 
tary, one  or  more  Assistant  Fire  Marshals,  Superin- 
tendent of  City  Telegraph,  Fire  Inspector,  Veteri- 
nary Surgeon,  Captains,  Lieutenants,  Engineers, 
Pipemen,  Drivers,  Truckmen,  and  Telegraph  Oper- 
ators. 

The  Fire  Marshal  is  appointed  by  the  Mayor,  with 
the  consent  of  the  Council. 

For  appointments,  see  Civil  Service  Commission, 
page  31. 


CRAWFORD'S  CIVIL  GOVERNMENT.  43 

He  has  absolute  control  of  all  the  officers  and 
members  of  the  Department  while  they  are  on  duty. 

He  has  authority  to  remove  or  destroy  any  build- 
in. n~  during  a  fire  to  keep  the  fire  from  spreading,  and 
he  and  his  Assistant  Marshals,  during  a  fire,  and  for 
thirty-six  hours  afterward,  have  power  to  arrest  sus- 
pected or  disorderly  persons,  and  to  take  them  before 
a  Police  Magistrate  for  trial. 

During  the  Great  Fire  of  1871,  the  spread  of  the 
fire  on  the  South  Side  was  stopped  by  the  firemen 
blowing  up  buildings  south  of  the  fire;  and  great 
numbers  of  dishonest  persons  were  arrested  because 
they  engaged  in  plundering  buildings  within  the 
burning  district. 

It  is  the  Fire  Inspector's  duty,  immediately  after 
a  fire,  to  investigate  its  cause,  find  the  value  of  the 
property  destroyed  and  the  amount  of  insurance;  to 
find,  if  possible,  whether  the  fire  was  caused  by  care- 
lessness or  by  an  incendiary;  and  to  report  such  facts 
to  the  Fire  Marshal. 

The  Superintendent  of  City  Telegraph  has  charge 
of  all  the  telegraph  apparatus  used  by  the  Police  and 
Fire  Departments. 

The  duties  of  the  other  members  of  the  Fire  De- 
partment are  too  obvious  to  require  explanation. 

QUESTIONS. 

Give  an  interesting  fact  about  the  Fire  Department 
Powers  of  the  Marshal  ?     His  police  power  ? 
Duties  of  other  members  of  the  Department? 


44  CRAWFORD'S  CIVIL  GOVERNMENT. 

INSPECTORS. 

There  are  several  kinds  of  business  carried  on  in 
Chicago,  which,  without  careful  watching,  would  pro- 
duce great  damage  to  property,  as  well  as  disease  and 
loss  of  life ;  and  others  that,  resulting  less  harmfully, 
would  still  bring  pecuniary  loss  to  great  numbers  of 
people. 

For  the  purpose  of  preventing  such  results,  the 
Mayor  is  authorized,  by  ordinance,  to  appoint,  bien- 
nially, Inspectors  of  Steam  Boilers,  Gas  Meters,  Fish, 
Oils,  and  Weights  and  Measures. 

The  Inspector  of  Steam  Boilers  is  required  to  ex- 
amine all  steam  boilers  and  tanks  subjected  to  steam 
pressr  s,  on  request  of  the  persons  owning  or  using 
them  and  to  issue  to  each  of  such  persons  a  certificate 
datec.  on  the  day  of  the  examination,  stating  the  con- 
dition of  the  boiler  or  tank. 

Every  person  owning  or  using  such  boiler  or  tank, 
is  required  by  city  ordinance  to  ask  the  Inspector  to 
make  examination  of  the  same,  at  least  once  a  year,  and 
to  keep  such  certificate  posted  in  a  conspicuous  place 
where  the  boiler  or  tank  is  used. 

The  Inspector  of  Gas  Meters,  whenever  requested, 
examines  meters  furnished  by  a  gas  company  to  any 
consumer;  and  also  ascertains  the  amount  of  gas  sup- 
plied to  the  city  by  any  company  having  a  contract  for 
such  supply. 

The  Inspector  of  Fish  has  power  to  examine  all 
fish  and  oysters  found  in  the  city,  and  to  destroy  such 
as  are  unfit  for  food. 

The  Inspector  of  Oils  is  required  to  examine  oils 


CRAWFORD'S  CIVIL  GOVERNMENT.  45 

when  requested;  to  find  their  quality,  and  mark  the 
vessels  containing  them  "  Approved"  or  "  Dangerous." 
All  dealers  in  oils  are  required,  by  city  ordinance,  to 
have  their  oils  inspected  before  offering  them  for  sale. 

It  is  the  duty  of  the  Inspector  of  Weights  and 
Measures  to  examine,  once  a  year  at  least,  all  instru- 
ments used  in  the  city  for  weighing  and  measuring; 
to  keep  a  register  of  such  examination,  deliver  a  copy 
of  it  to  the  Council,  and  to  report  to  the  City  Prose- 
cutor, the  names  of  all  persons  using  incorrect  weights 
and  measures. 

Persons  so  doing  are  subject  to  a  fine  of  $25.00. 

ELECTION    COMMISSIONERS. 

Elections  in  the  City  of  Chicago  are  in  charge  of  a 
Board  of  Election  Commissioners,  who  are  appointed 
by  the  County  Judge,  and  hold  office  three  years. 

Two  of  the  Commissioners,  at  least,  must  be 
selected  from  the  two  leading  political  parties  of  the 
State. 

The  Board  is  required,  by  law,  io  divide  the  city 
into  precincts  containing,  as  nearly  as  practicable, 
three  hundred  voters,  and  to  appoint  for  each  precinct, 
three  Judges  of  Election.  Two  of  these  must  be  from 
the  leading  parties  of  the  State. 

The  Board  must  appoint,  also,  for  each  precinct, 
two  clerks  of  election,  who  must  be  selected  from  the 
two  leading  parties  of  the  State. 

QUESTIONS. 

Duty  of  Inspector  of  Boilers  ? 

Duty  of  persons  using  steam  boilers? 


46  CRAWFORD'S  CIVIL  GOVERNMENT. 

Duties  of  other  Inspectors? 

Duties  of  dealers  in  oils  ? 

Penalty  for  using  false  weights  and  measures  ? 

State  some  of  the  duties  of  Election  Commissioners. 

Explain  the  reasons  for  such  duties. 


THE    PUBLIC    SCHOOLS. 
BOARD   OF   EDUCATION.    % 

The  Public  Schools  of  Chicago  are  under  the 
management  of  the  Board  of  Education.  The  Board 
consists  of  twenty-one  members,  appointed  by  the 
Mayor,  with  the  consent  of  the  Council,  and  holding 
office  for  a  term  of  three  years.  They  receive  no  pay. 

The  Board  of  Education  does  not  have  power  to 
levy  taxes  for  school  purposes.  Neither  can  it  buy 
or  sell  school  lands,  or  erect  school  buildings,  except 
with  the  consent  of  the  Council. 

But,  after  the  Council  has  appropriated  money  for 
school  purposes,  or  after  the  city's  share  of  the  State 
school  fund,  or  any  other  school  money,  has  been  paid 
to  the  City  Treasurer,  then  the  Board  has  absolute 
control  of  all  such  funds,  having  power  to  expend 
them  for  school  purposes,  free  from  the  control  of  the 
Council,  except  as  above  stated. 

The  Board  also  has  power  to  appoint  a  Superintend- 
ent, Assistant  Superintendents,  Principals,  Teachers, 
and  other  employe's;  to  divide  the  city  into  school 
districts;  to  furnish  the  schools  with  necessary  sup- 
plies of  all  kinds;  to  expel  unruly  pupils,  and  to  dis- 
charge inefficient  teachers. 

It  is  the  duty  of  the  Board  to  take  entire  control 


CRAWFORD'S  CIVIL  GOVERNMENT.  47 

of  the  schools;  to  cause  candidates  for  Teachers  to  be 
examined;  to  establish  rules  for  the  government  of  the 
schools ;  to  prescribe  the  course  of  study,  and  to  enact 
ordinances  necessary  to  carry  into  effect  all  the  Board's 
powers  and  duties. 

The  officers  of  the  Board  are  elected,  annually. 
They  are  President,  Vice-President,  and  Secretary; 
the  first  two  being  members  of  the  Board,  and  the 
last  being  the  Superintendent  of  Schools. 

The  President  presides  at  the  meetings.  The  Sec- 
retary keeps  a  record  of  the  acts  of  the  Board,  and 
examines  and  signs  the  pay  rolls  of  the  Teachers  and 
other  employe's  of  the  Board. 

The  employes  of  the  Board,  besides  those  above- 
named,  are:  Supervisor  of  Evening  Schools,  Archi- 
tect, Attorney,  School  Agent,  Supply  Agent,  Chief 
Engineer,  Clerk,  Auditor,  and  Foreman  of  Repairs* 
All  employes  of  the  Board  are  elected  annually. 

The  Superintendent  has  supervision  of  all  the 
public  schools  of  the  city,  their  equipment,  apparatus 
and  libraries,  and  also  of  Teachers  and  pupils. 

Some  of  his  duties  are,  to  observe  the  teaching  and 
discipline  of  the  schools,  and  to  aid  Teachers  with  his 
advice,  to  report  to  the  Board  the  names  of-  those 
whose  work  is  not  satisfactory,  and  to  keep  office 
hours  and  hear  requests  relating  to  the  Public 
Schools. 

The  Assistant  Superintendents  aid  the  Superin- 
tendent in  the  performance  of  his  duties,  and  are  sub- 
iect  to  his  direction. 

Principals  are  required  to  have  charge  of  the 
schools  in  their  respective  buildings,  supervise  the 
work  of  their  Teachers,  examine  pupils  for  promotion, 


48  CRAWFORD'S  CIVIL  GOVERNMENT. 

attend  to  cases  requiring  special  discipline,  and  to 
give  careful  attention  to  the  health  and  comfort  of 
their  pupils. 

Assistants  to  Principals  have  immediate  supervis- 
ion of  the  four  lowest  grades  of  the  schools. 

Teachers  are  of  two  classes—  Regular  and  Special. 
Special  Teachers  are  employed  to  teach  certain 
branches  oiJy,  as  German,  drawing  and  music. 
Such  Teachers  are  under  the  immediate  supervision 
of  the  superintendent  of  their  specialty. 

Each  Regular  Teacher  has  charge  of  one  division 
of  pupils,  and  is  held  responsible  for  the  progress  of 
such  pupils  in  their  studies. 

The  Architect  is  required  to  superintend  the  erec- 
tion and  repair  of  school  buildings,  and  to  see  that  all 
work  upon  such  buildings  is  done  properly  and  at  a 
•  reasonable  cost. 

The  Attorney  attends  to  the  legal  business  of  the 
Board. 

The  School  Agent  has  the  custody  of  all  bonds, 
notes,  and  other  securities  belonging  to  the  Board; 
collects  the  rents  of  school  lands,  and  the  interest  on 
such  school  funds  as  are  loaned;  keeps  the  accounts 
of  the  Board's  funds,  and  pays  the  Teachers  their 
wages,  monthly. 

The  Supply  Agent  purchases  and  distributes  sup- 
plies for  the  schools,  and  prepares  the  pay-rolls  of 
Engineers,  Janitors,  Mechanics  and  Laborers  employed 
by  the  Board. 

The  Chief  Engineer  visits  all  the  school  buildings 
to  ascertain  what  repairs  and  alterations  are  necessary 


CRAWFORD'S  CIVIL  GOVERNMENT.  49 

in  the  heating  and  ventilating  apparatus,  and  superin- 
tends the  making  of  such  repairs  and  alterations. 

The  Clerk  keeps  a  record  of  the  proceedings  of 
the  Board,  and  prepares  pay-rolls  of  Superintendents, 
Teachers,  and  other  employes  of  the  Board,  except 
those  whose  pay-rolls  are  prepared  by  the  Supply 
Agent. 

The  Auditor  keeps  records  of  all  the  financial 
transactions  of  the  Board,  and  of  all  the  funds  and 
sources  of  income  belonging  to  the  Board. 

It  is  also  his  duty  to  inspect  all  bills  against  the 
Board,  and  take  care  that  none  are  paid,  except  those 
which  are  just  and  legal. 

The  Foreman  of  Repairs  superintends  the  work- 
men employed  in  making  repairs  and  improvements 
on  school  property,  and  has  custody  of  the  tools,  shops 
and  materials  used  in  such  work.  It  is  his  duty  to 
visit  every  school  building  as  often  as  possible,  ex- 
amine its  condition,  and  recommend  to  the  Board 
necessary  repairs  and  alterations. 

Besides  the  usual  Janitor's  duties,  Janitors  of  the 
Chicago  schools  are  required  to  display  the  National 
flag  belonging  to  each  school  building,  on  the  building 
on  all  legal  holidays,  and  during  the  morning  session 
of  school  on  every  Monday  of  the  school  year. 

ELECTION   OF   SCHOOL   BOARD   EMPLOYES. 

Superintendents,  Teachers,  Engineers  and  Janitors 
are  elected  by  the  Board  annually,  at  the  first  regular 
meeting  after  the  close  of  the  summer  term. 

All  Principals  and  Teachers  not  charged  with  un- 
satisfactory work  during  the  year,  are  together 


50  CRAWFORD'S  CIVIL  GOVERNMENT. 

declared  elected  by  the  Board; — an  example  of  "Civil 
Service  Reform  "  worthy  of  imitation  in  all  branches 
of  government. 

Superintendents  and  Assistant  Superintendents  are 
elected  by  ballot. 

SALARIES. 

As  soon  as  possible  after  January  1,  every  year, 
the  City  Council  appropriates  such  sum  as  it  deems 
proper  for  one  year,  for  the  use  of  the  Board  of  Edu- 
cation; and  as  soon  as  possible  after  such  appropria- 
tion, the  Board  fixes  the  salaries  of  all  its  employes 
for  the  current  year. 

TEXT   BOOKS. 

Text  books  in  use  in  the  Schools  can  be  changed 

only  at  or  before  the  last  regular  meeting  of  the  Board 
in  June  of  each  year.  Changes  in  the  course  of  in- 
struction can  be  made  only  in  the  same  manner. 

EVENING   SCHOOLS. 

Evening  Schools  are  supported  by  a  special  appro- 
priation made  annually  by  the  City  Council.  They 
are  under  the  general  control  of  the  Board,  and  the 
immediate  care  of  the  Supervisor  of  Evening  Schools. 

They  open  on  the  first  Monday  evening  of  October, 
and  continue  till  the  Board  decides  to  close  them. 

OTHER    SCHOOLS. 

The  Board  also  supports  a  Manual  Training  School, 
and  Schools  for  Deaf  Mutes. 


CRAWFORD'S  CIVIL  GOVERNMENT.  51 

QUESTIONS. 

How  is  the  Board  of  Education  appointed  ?  How 
many  members  has  it  ?  How  is  it  organized? 

What  power,  if  any,  has  the  Board  in  regard  to 
taxation? 

How  is  its  use  of  school  funds  limited? 

In  what  respects  is  it  independent  of  control  in  its 
use  of  such  funds  ? 

What  are  some  of  its  powers  and  duties  in  regard 
to  the  general  control  and  management  of  the  schools  ? 

Duties  of  the  Superintendent  of  Schools  ? 

Duties  of  Assistant  Superintendents,  Principals, 
and  Assistants  to  Principals? 

Classes  of  Teachers  ? 

Duties  of  Architect,  School  Agent,  Supply  Agent, 
Chief  Engineer,  Clerk,  Auditor,  and  Foreman  of  Re- 
pairs ? 

Janitor's  duty  in  respect  to  flag? 

When  can  Text  Books  be  changed? 


52  CRAWFORD'S  CIVIL  GOVERNMENT. 

PUBLIC  LIBRARY. 

The  close  relation  of  good  reading  to  the  work  of 
the  school  has  led  to  the  support  of  public  libraries  by 
school  funds  in  many  parts  of  the  country.  In  other 
places  where  the  city  library  is  recognized  and  sup- 
ported as  an  independent  institution,  it  extends  special 
privileges  to  teachers  and  scholars  in  the  public  schools. 
This  is  true  in  Chicago  and,  under  certain  rules  and 
regulations,  the  pupils  of  the  city  schools  are  allowed 
to  draw  books  from  the  Public  Library. 

The  laws  of  the  State  of  Illinois  authorize  any 
incorporated  Town,  Village  or  Township,  to  establish 
a  free  Public  Library;  and  any  incorporated  city,  to 
establish  both  such  a  library  and  also  a  free  read- 
ing room,  and  to  levy  a  tax  for  the  support  of  the 
same. 

Such  tax  may  be  two  mills  on  the  dollar  annually 
on  all  taxable  property  within  the  municipal  limits; 
except  that  after  the  year  1895,  in  Cities  of  over 
100,000  inhabitants,  the  tax  can  not  exceed  one-half 
mill  on  the  dollar  annually. 

In  pursuance  of  this  law,  Chicago  has  established 
a  Library  and  Heading  Room,  to  which,  under  certain 
necessary  rules,  all  the  residents  of  the  city  have 
access. 

The  Public  Library  and  Beading  Room  are  man- 
aged by  a  Board  of  nine  Directors,  who  are  appointed 
by  the  Mayor,  with  the  consent  of  the  Council,  for  a 
term  of  tk-fee  years.  They  receive  no  pay. 

The  %v  oney  belonging  to  the  Library  Fund  is  kept 
on  deposit  with  the  City  Treasurer,  but  the  Directors 
control  its  expenditure. 

The  Directors  appoint  a  Librarian  and  Assistants, 


CKAWFORD'S  CIVIL  GOVERNMENT.  53 

Sx  their  pay,  and  make  rules  relating  to  the  use  of  the 
books  and  Beading  Room. 

The  Library  contains  212,000  books. 

CHICAGO    PARKS. 

The  greater  Parks  of  Chicago,  Lincoln,  Garfield, 
Douglas,  Humboldt,  and  the  South  Parks,  and  the 

Boulevards  respectively  connected  with  them,  are 
governed  by  three  Boards  of  Park  Commissioners. 

The  members  of  the  North  and  West  Park  Boards 
are  appointed  by  the  Governor  of  the  State,  with  the 
consent  of  the  Senate,  and  those  of  the  South  Park 
Board,  by  the  Judges  of  the  Circuit  Court  of  Cook 
County.  The  term  of  office  of  the  North  and  South 
Park  Commissioners  is  five  years;  of  the  West  Park, 
seven  years.  They  receive  no  pay  for  their  services 
as  commissioners.* 

Each  of  such  Boards  lias  power  to  acquire  lands 
for  Parks,  by  purchase  or  by  condemnation  proceed- 
ings, that  is,  by  suit  in  a  court,  and  to  levy  a  tax  for 
Park  purposes  on  all  the  land  within  its  Park  District. 

Park  Boards  also  have  power,  for  the  purpose  of 
connecting  a  Park  with  any  portion  of  the  city,  to 
take  control  of  and  improve  any  street  lying  in  the 
Park  District,  provided  consent  in  writing  is  given 
by  the  owners  of  a  majority  of  the  front  feet  on  such 
street,  and  provided  the  Council  concurs  by  the  pas- 
sage of  a  suitable  ordinance.  A  street  so  taken  is 
called  a  Boulevard. 

For  the  purpose  of  paying  the  expenses  of  a"bove 
improvement,  a  Park  Board  may  levy  taxes  on  prop- 
erty contiguous  to  such  improvement,  and  may  bor* 
row  money  for  general  Park  and  Boulevard  purposes, 
issuing  bonds  therefor  to  an  amount  not  exceeding 

*The  President  and  Auditor  of  the  South  Park  Board  receive,  each,  $3000.00 
eryeer.  as  President  and  Auditor,  but  nothing  as  Park  Commissioners. 


54  CRAWFORD'S  CIVIL  GOVERNMENT. 

one    mill  on    the  dollar    of    taxable   property  within 
the  Park  District. 

CHICAGO    SANITARY    DISTRICT. 

The  object  of  the  law  creating  this  District  is 
to  provide  a  channel  for  water  in  which  the  sewage 
of  Chicago  may  be  conducted  away  from  Lake  Michi- 
gan. 

This  is  necessary,  because  sewage  flowing  into  the 
Lake  is  carried  out  beyond  the  Crib  of  the  AVater- 
works,  thus  rendering  the  city's  water  unfit  for  use. 

The  District  was  established  in  the  year  1889,  by 
.  a  vote  of  the  people  within  its  territory,  held  in  pur- 
suance of  a  law  of  the  State,  which  went  into  effect 
July  1,  1889. 

The  District  embraces  all  of  the  city,  except  the 
part  south  of  Eighty-seventh  street;  also  contiguous 
territory  three  to  four  miles  wide  lying  west  of  and 
adjoining  the  city,  .as  well  as  a  portion  of  Lake  Michi- 
gan wide  enough  to  include  the  Crib  of  the  Water- 
works. 

The  affairs  of  the  District  are  managed  by  a 
Board  of  nine  Trustees,  who  are  elected  by  the  voters 
of  the  District,  and  hold  office  five  years. 

The  Board  has  power  to  create  and  maintain  one  or 
more  drainage  channels  in  the  District,  and,  if  such 
channels  extend  beyond  the  District,  the  Board's 
powers  extend  with  it. 

The  Board  may  levy  taxes  on  property  within  the 
District,  and  may  borrow  money  and  acquire  property 
for  District  purposes  by  purchase  or  condemnation 
proceedings. 


CRAWFORD'S  CIVIL  GOVERNMENT.  55 

The  law  requires  that  any  channel  of  the  District, 
into  which  sewage  is  to  be  discharged,  must  be  so 
made  that  its  water  will  flow  at  the  rate  of  200  cubic 
feet  per  minute  for  each  1,000  persons  residing  in  the 
District. 

It  is  a  well-known  fact  that  water  in  motion  has  a 
tendency  to  purify  itself.  And  it  has  been  found 
that  a  stream  of  water,  flowing  at  the  rate,  and  being 
of  a  volume  which  has  the  ratio  to  population,  above 
given,  will  purify  itself  of  all  corrupt  matter  con- 
tained in  the  sewage  of  such  a  population,  and  will, 
therefore,  not  be  injurious  to  people  living  near  its 
channel. 

QUESTIONS. 

What  is  the  law  for  the  support  of  Public  Libraries 
and  Reading  Booms? 

How  is  the  Chicago  Library  Board  constituted? 

Duties  of  its  members? 

Number  of  books  in  the  Library? 

Name  the  principal  Parks  and  Boulevards  of 
Chicago. 

Who  have  control  of  these? 

Powers  and  duties  of  the  Park  Commissioners? 

What  is  the  Sanitary  District  ? 

How  are  its  affairs  managed  ? 

Explain  how  a  channel  of  water  receiving  sewage 
can  be  kept  pure. 


56  CBAWFOBD'S  CIVIL  GOVERNMENT. 


COOK  COUNTY. 

The    territory  first    organized  as   Cook   County 

included  what  are  now  the  counties  of  Cook,  DuPage, 
Lake,  McHenry,  Will,  and  Iroquois.  The  organiza- 
tion occurred  on  March  4,  1831, 

The  Legislature  created  Iroquois  a  separate  county 
on  February  28,  1833;  Will,  on  January  12,  1836; 
McHenry,  on  January  16,  1836;  DuPage,  on  Febru- 
ary 9,  1839;  and  Lake,  on  March  9,  1839. 

When  the  State  Constitution  of  187O  was  adopted, 
Cook  County  was  under  township  organization,  but 
that  constitution  provided  a  government  for  Cook 
different  from  that  of  other  counties  under  such  or- 
ganization. 

Under  that  constitution,  and  the  laws  made  to 
carry  it  into  effect,  the  governing  body  of  the  county 
is  given  large  and  varied  powers  similar  to  those  en- 
joyed by  the  Chicago  City  Council. 

It  has  both  legislative  and  executive  power,  and 
retains  and  pays  many  employe's  unknown  to  the 
other  counties  of  the  State.  It  is  commonly  known  as 

THE  COUNTY  BOARD. 

It  consists  of  fifteen  Commissioners  chosen  annually; 
ten  elected  from  the  City  of  Chicago  and  five  from 
the  towns  of  the  county  outside  of  the  city. 

Under  a  law  enacted  in  1887,  a  President  of  the 
Board  is  elected  by  the  people.  Each  voter  can  des- 


CRAWFORD'S  CIVIL  GOVERNMENT.  57 

ignate  on  his  ballot  the  candidate  for  commissioner 
whom  he  wishes  to  be  President.  The  candidate  who 
receives  the  highest  number  of  such  votes,  becomes 
President  of  the  Board. 

It  is  the  duty  of  the  Board  to  provide  for  all  the 
expenses  of  the  county  for  which  the  general  laws  of 
the  State  make  no  provision. 

Within  the  first  quarter  of  the  year,  therefore,  the 
Board  must  pass  an  appropriation  bill  for  all  such 
expenses  of  the  current  year ;  and  it  has  no  power  to 
pass  an  additional  appropriation  bill,  or  incur  any 
additional  expense  during  the  year. 

The  Board  can  not  let,  privately,  any  contracts 
for  supplies,  material,  or  work,  for  county  purposes. 
Bids  must  be  advertised  for  in  some  newspaper  pub- 
lished in  the  county,  and  contracts  must  be  let  to  the 
lowest  responsible  bidder. 

All  work  for  the  county  must  be  done  under  con- 
tracts thus  made,  except  in  cases  of  emergency,  when 
the  Superintendent  of  Public  Service  may  purchase 
supplies  amounting  to  not  more  than  $500.00. 

All  contracts  must  be  approved  by  the  Board, 
and  signed  by  its  President,  the  Comptroller,  and 
the  Superintendent  of  Public  Service. 

PRESIDENT   OF   THE   BOARD. 

The  President  has  powers  and  duties  similar  to 
those  of  the  mayor  of  a  city. 

He  is  required  to  preside  at  the  meetings  of  the 
Board,  and  to  personally  inspect  all  the  accounts  of 
the  Superintendent  of  Public  Service  and  the  County 


58  CRAWFORD'S  CIVIL  GOVERNMENT. 

Comptroller,  and  report  to  the  Board  if  he  finds  such 
accounts  incorrect. 

He  can  not  submit  to  the  Board  any  proposition 
to  spend  money,  unless  such  proposition  is  in  writing. 
He  can  veto  appropriations  of  money  by  the 
Board  ;  and  such  appropriations  can  not  be  passed  ex- 
cept by  a  majority  of  at  least  four-fifths  of  the  mem- 
bers of  the  Board. 

CIVIL  SERVICE  COMMISSION  OF  COOK  COUNTY. 
The  Civil  Service  Commissioners  of  the  County 
are  three  in  number,  appointed,  one  each  year  for  a 
term  of  three  years,  by  the  President  of  the  County 
Board.  The  law  creating  this  Commission  and  fixing 
its  duties  is  in  nearly  all  respects  like  the  law  relating 
to  the  Civil  Service  Commission  of  the  City  of 
Chicago,  (See  page  28.)  The  only  essential  differ- 
ence is,  that  the  President  of  the  County  Board  is 
the  sole  appointing  officer  under  the  control  of  the 
County  Civil  Service  Commissioners  ;  and  under  the 
City  law  the  heads  of  the  departments  are  the  appoint- 
ing officers  for  the  respective  departments,  subject  to 
the  control  of  the  Civil  Service  Commissioners. 

EMPLOYES  OF  THE  COUNTY  BOARD. 

The  principal  employes  of  the  County  Board  are, 
County  Attorney,  Superintendent  of  Public  Service, 
Committee  Clerk  of  the  County  Board,  Warden  ot 
the  County  Hospital,  Medical  Superintendent  of  the 
Insane  Asylum  and  Poor-House,  County  Physician, 
County  Agent,  County  Architect,  Custodians  ot  the 
Court  House  and  Criminal  Court  Building,  Clerk 
of  the  Board,  Chief  Jury  Clerk,  Engineers  of 
County  Buildings,  Surveyor,  Electrician, and  Farmer. 

All  such  employes,  except  the  last  six  named 
above,  are  appointed  by  the  President  of  the 
County  Board  with  the  consent  of  the  Board,  and 
the  pay  of  all  is  fixed  by  the  Board  for  a  term  of  one 
year. 


CRAWFORD'S  CIVIL  GOVERNMENT.  59 

It  is  the  duty  of  the  County  Attorney  to  appear 
for  the  county  in  all  suits  where  it  is  a  party;  to  fur- 
nish legal  opinions  on  all  questions  submitted  to  him; 
and  to  attend  to  all  the  legal  business  of  the  county 
for  which  the  Board  is  responsible. 

The  Superintendent  of  Public  Service  has  charge 
of  the  purchase  and  distribution  of  all  supplies  used 
in  the  departments  of  the  county  government  and  the 
institutions  of  the  county  under  the  County  Board. 

The  Clerk  of  the  Board  is  appointed  by  the  County 
Clerk,  and  keeps  a  record  of  its  proceedings. 

He  is  ex-officio  County  Comptroller,  and,  as  such, 
performs  for  the  county,  duties  similar  to  those  of  the 
Comptroller  of  the  city  of  Chicago.  [See  page  31.] 

The  Committee  Clerk  keeps  a  record  of  all  com- 
mittee meetings. 

The  Chief  Jury  Clerk  furnishes  to  the  County 
Clerk  the  names  of  persons  capable  of  serving  as  petit 
jurors.  He  is  required,  by  law,  to  name  only  persons 
of  intelligence  and  good  character  for  such  service. 

From  the  lists  thus  made  out,  the  County  Clerk 
furnishes  names  to  the  Sheriff,  whose  duty  it  is  to 
summon  persons  to  serve  as  jurors. 

The  County  Electrician  has  charge  of  the  dynamos 
and  all  other  electrical  apparatus  owned  by  the  county. 

QUESTIONS. 

When  was  Cook  County  organized  ? 
What  territory  did  it  first  include  ? 
Describe  its  County  Board. 
What  general  powers  has  the  Board  ? 
How  is  its  President  elected? 

What  is  the  Board's  duty  in  regard  to  the  annual 
appropriation  ? 

How  must  contracts  for  supplies  be  let  ? 
What  are  the  President's  duties? 


80  CRAWFORD'S  CIVIL  GOVERNMENT. 

Name  the  principal  employe's  of  the  Board,  and 
state  the  principal  duties  of  each. 
How  are  they  appointed? 


THE   COUNTY   CHARITABLE   INSTITUTIONS. 

In  the  town  of  Jefferson,  at  the  railway  station 
Dunning,  Cook  County  owns  a  farm  called  the  County 
Poor  Farm.  On  it  are  located  the  County  Poor 
House,  Insane  Asylum,  and  buildings  for  the  use  of 
the  County  Farmer. 

The  Farmer  resides  on  the  Farm,  and  superintends 
its  cultivation.  Inmates  of  the  Poor  House  and 
Insane  Asylum,  if  able  to  work,  are  employed  by  the 
Farmer.  The  products  of  the  Farm  are  used  by  such 
County  Institutions  as  need  them. 

The  Hospital  of  Cook  County  is  located  in  Chicago 
at  the  southwest  corner  of  South  Wood  and  West 
Harrison  streets. 

The  Warden  of  the  Hospital  and  the  Superin- 
tendents of  the  Poor  House  and  Insane  Asylum, 
are  required  to  reside  in  their  respective  Institutions ; 
to  employ  kind  and  skillful  assistants;  to  see  that  the 
inmates  receive  all  necessary  attention,  and  to  incur  no 
unnecessary  expense. 

The  County  Physician  admits  persons  to  the  Poor 
House,  has  charge  of  the  Detention  Hospital  for  the 
Insane  (which  is  in  the  County  Jail  building),  has 
oversight  of  the  health  of  inmates  of  the  County  Jail, 
and  supervises  the  transfer  of  patients  from  the  Hos- 
pital to  the  Poor  House. 


CRAWFORD'S  CIVIL  GOVERNMENT.  61 

The  County  Agent  also  has  authority  to  order 
that  persons  be  admitted  to  the  Poor  House,  to  the 
Hospital,  and  to  the  Detention  Hospital  for  the  In- 
sane, if  lie  finds,  on  inquiry,  that  such  persons  have  no 
relatives  in  the  county  who  should  provide  for  them. 

It  is  his  especial  duty  to  relieve  those  persons 
suffering  actual  want  outside  of  the  County  Institu- 
tions. But,  to  be  entitled  to  such  relief,  persons  apply- 
ing for  it  must  prove  that  they  have  lived  in  the  county 
at  least  six  months  before  becoming  dependent. 

The  Engineers  of  the  different  County  Buildings 

have  the  care  of  the  heating  apparatus  of  the  same  ; 
and,  at  the  Poor  House  and  Insane  Asylum,  they  have 
also  charge  of  the  water  systems,  and  keep  the  hose 
and  pipes  ready  for  instant  use  in  case  of  fire. 

It  is  the  duty  of  tlie  County  Surveyor  to  survey, 
that  is,  learn  the  boundaries  and  location  of  any  piece 
of  land,  whenever  requested,  and  furnish  to  the  person 
requesting,  a  copy  of  the  surveyor's  record,  and  a  plat, 
viz.,  a  map  of  the  land  surveyed. 

THE  COUNTY  NORMAL  SCHOOL. 

This  Institution  is  located  at  Normal  Park,  and  is 
supported  by  the  County  Board  for  the  purpose  of 
training  teachers  for  the  public  schools  of  the  county 
not  within  the  City  of  Chicago. 

It  is  under  the  control  of  the 

COUNTY  BOARD  OF  EDUCATION, 

Which  consists  of  seven  members,  elected  by  the  Com- 
missioners, and  holding  office  during  a  term  of  two 


62  CRAWFORD'S  CIVIL  GOVERNMENT. 

years.  The  County  Superintendent  of  Schools  is, 
ex-officio,  also  a  member  of  this  Board. 

The  County  Board  of  Education  sustains  about 
the  same  relation  to  the  County  Commissioners  and 
the  Normal  School,  as  the  Chicago  Board  sustains  to 
the  Council  and  City  Schools. 

The  Commissioners  appropriate,  annually,  a  sum  of 
money  for  the  support  of  the  Normal  School,  and  the 
Board  hires  a  Principal  and  Teachers,  and  other  neces- 
sary employes  for  the  school,  furnishes  it  \rith  supplies, 
and  supervises  its  work. 

All  the  officers  above  named,  except  Surveyor  and 
County  Farmer,  are  peculiar  to  Cook  County. 

In  addition,  Cook  has  all  the  officers  that  any  other 
county  in  the  State  has  (and  a  few  others),  viz. : 

Judges  of  the  Superior,  "Circuit,  County  and 
Probate  Courts ;  Sheriff,  Treasurer,  Recorder, 
County  Clerk;  Clerks  of  the  Superior,*  Circuit, 
Probate,  Criminal*  and  Appellate  Courts;  Cor- 
oner, State's  Attorney  and  Superintendent  of 
Schools. 

QUESTIONS. 

Name  the  County  Charitable  Institutions. 

Where  are  they  located  ? 

What  is  the  object  of  each  ? 

What  is  the  object  of  the  County  Normal  School  ? 

Under  whose  care  is  it  ? 


"Officers  of  Cook  County  only. 


GOVEENMBNOL  63 


RTS    IN    COOK 

Cook  County  constitutes  one  .Si&ft&F cir^jt.  The 
work  of  this  circuit  is  done  by  Sue  Circuit,  3nperior 
and  Criminal  Courts. 

The  Criminal  Court  is  presided  ov$r,  in  turn,  by 
Judges  of  the  Circuit  and  Superior  Courts. 

It  has  original  and  exclusive  -jvg«Sdict!(0n*  in  all 
criminal  cases  where  the  offense  is. committed  against 
the  laws  of  the  State. 

It  has  appellate  jurisdiction  in  criminal  cases  ap- 
pealed from  Justices  of  the  Peace. 

The  Circuit  and  Superior  Courts  have  original 
jurisdiction  in  all  civil  disputes,  for  which,  remedy  is 
provided  by  the  laws  of  the  State. 

They  have  appellate  jurisdiction  in  civil  cases  ap- 
pealed from  Justices  of  the  Peace. 

Their  Judges  are  elected  for  equal  terms,  six  years, 
and  are  paid  equal  salaries. 

There  are  several  Judges  of  each  of  these  courts, 
and  their  number  may  be  increased  from  time  to 
time,  by  act  of  the  Legislature,  as  tlie  population  of 
the  county  increases, 

The  county  has,  also,  a  County  Court  and  a  Pro- 
bate Court. 

The  former  has  exclusive  jurisdiction  in  suits  for 
the  collection  of  taxes,  and  in  trying  persons  supposed 
to  be  insane. 

It  has  concurrent  jurisdiction  with  the  Circuit  and 
Superior  Courts  in  civil  disputes  involving  not  more 

*  For  definitions,  see  pages  90  and  91. 


64  CRAWFORD'S  CIVIL  GOVERNMENT. 

than,$l,000,  and  in  cases  appealed  from  Justices  of 
the  Peace.* 

The  Probate  Court  has  original  and  exclusive 
jurisdiction  in  matters  relating  to  wills,  the  settle- 
ment of  estates  of  deceased  persons,  apprentices, 
guardians  of  minors,  and  conservators  of  the  insane 
and  imbecile. 

The  last  two  Courts  have  but  one  Judge  each.  The 
term  of  such  Judges  is  four  years. 

Cook  County  constitutes  the  First  District  ot  the 
Appellate  Court. 

The  Judges  of  this  court,  three  in  number,  are  as- 
signed to  it  by  the  Supreme  Court,  from  the  Superior, 
or  the  Circuit  Court  Judges  from  this  or  other  circuits. 

All  the  above  courts  are  called  "  Courts  of  Record." 

Nearly  all  kinds  of  cases,  except  criminal  cases 
called  "  felonies,"  if  appealed  from  courts  of  record, 
must  first  be  taken  to  an  Appellate  Court. 

In  all  cases  where  less  than  $1,000  is  in  dispute, 
such  court's  decision  is  final,  unless  the  court  itself 
elects  to  send  the  case  to  the  Supreme  Court  on  ac- 
count of  some  new  or  peculiar  question  involved,  f 

DUTIES    OP    COOK    COUNTY    OFFICERS. 

The  duties  of  the  officers  of  Cook  County  are  the 
same  as  those  of  like  officers  in  other  counties  of  the 
State. 

SHERIFF. 

The  Sheriffs  principal  duties  are  :  to  attend  the 
sessions  of  all  the  above  courts,  preserving  order  in 

*  For  "Concurrent  Jurisdiction,"  see  page  91. 
f  For  jurisdiction  of  Supreme  Court,  see  page  113. 


CRAWFORD'S  CIVIL  GOVERNMENT.  65 

them,  and  executing  the  commands  of  the  Judges ;  to 
serve  summonses,  writs,  and  other  judicial  papers; 
to  prevent  disorderly  conduct  wherever  he  is,  and 
to  arrest  offenders  against  the  law. 

He  has  custody  of  the  Court  House  and  Jail,  takes 
convicted  prisoners  to  the  Penitentiary  and  House  of 
of  Correction,  and  hangs  criminals  condemned  to  death. 

As  Cook  County  has  nearly  twenty  courts  in  ses- 
sion ten  months  every  year,  it  is  plain  that  the  Sheriff 
can  not  himself  attend  all  of  them,  to  say  nothing  of 
performing  the  countless  other  duties  of  his  office. 
Hence,  he  is  authorized  to  employ  a  fixed  number  of 
deputies,  bailiffs  and  clerks  to  assist  him.  The  depu- 
ties have  the  same  authority  as  the  Sheriff  himself 
to  serve  writs  and  other  legal  papers. 

TREASURER. 

It  is  his  duty  to  receive  and  care  for  all  money  paid 
for  Town,  City,  County  and  State  taxes,  and  to  pay 
it  out  only  on  the  order  of  the  County  Board,  or  in  the 
manner  specially  provided  by  law. 

To  keep  books  of  his  accounts  as  Treasurer,  and 
have  them  always  open  to  the  inspection  of  the  public. 

To  report  to  the  County  Board,  at  each  of  its  regu- 
lar sessions,  all  sums  of  money  paid  out  by  him. 

RECORDER. 

It  is  his  duty  to  provide  his  office  with  suitable 
books,  and,  on  request,  to  copy  in  them,  deeds,  mort- 
gages, and  other  papers  relating  to  interest  in  real 
estate;  also,  chattel  mortgages.  This  is  called  record- 
ing deeds,  etc. 


66  CBAWFOKD'S  CIVIL  GOVERNMENT. 

Before  recording  such  documents,  the  Recorder 
places  on  the  back  of  each,  a  certificate  signed  by  him- 
self stating  the  day,  hour  and  minute  when  it  was 
received  for  recording. 

The  Recorder  of  Cook  County  also  furnishes 
abstracts  of  title. 

An  abstract  of  title  is  a  history  of  everything  that 
has  been  done  affecting  the  title,  or  right,  to  the  piece 
of  real  estate  under  examination. 

COUNTY  CLEEK. 

It  is  the  duty  of  the  County  Clerk  to  keep  a  record 
of  the  acts  of  the  County  Court,  of  the  County  Board, 
and  of  all  orders  for  money  drawn  on  the  County 
Treasurer. 

To  issue  marriage  licenses. 

To  compute  the  Town,  County,  City  and  State  Tax 
of  every  person  owning  property  in  Cook  County, 
enter  ifc  in  proper  books,  and  issue  these  to  the  appro- 
priate collectors.* 

The  County  Clerk  of  Cook  County  is  also,  ex-officio, 
County  Comptroller. 

In  the  latter  capacity,  it  is  his  duty  to  audit  the 
accounts  of  the  County  Board,  to  see  that  the  county 
suffers  no  pecuniary  loss. 

He  submits  to  the  Board,  annually,  an  estimate  of 
the  probable  expenses  of  the  county  government  for 
the  next  year. 

The  duties  of  Comptroller  are,  in  fact,  performed 
by  the  County  Clerk's  deputy,  the  Clerk  of  the  Board 
of  Commissioners. 

*    See  page  92;  topic,  "  Couuty  Clerk." 


CBAWFORD'S  CIVIL  GOVERNMENT.  67 

CIRCUIT  CLERK. 

Some  of  his  duties  are  to  receive  and  file  papers  in 
suits  begun  in  the  Circuit  Court. 

To  issue  writs,  summonses,  and  other  legal  papers 
to  the  Sheriff  to  execute. 

To  keep  records  of  the  acts  of  the  court.     - 

To  furnish  copies  of  such  records,  on  request. 

To  keep  account  of  the  costs  of  legal  proceedings, 
and  to  issue  to  the  Sheriff  writs  to  collect  such  costs 
from  the  persons  liable  to  pay  them. 

The  Clerks  of  the  Superior,  Probate.  County,  Crimi- 
nal and  Appellate  Courts  perform  similar  duties  for 
their  courts. 

All  the  above  Clerks  have  power  to  appoint  depu- 
ties, for  whose  acts  the  respective  Clerks  are  held  re- 
sponsible. 

j  CORONER. 

/  He  examines,  with  the  aid  of  a  jury,  the  body  of 
any  person  killed  by  accident,  or  having  died  from 
any  mysterious  cause,  calls  witnesses  of  the  event,  if 
there  are  any.  and  ascertains  the  cause  of  death,  if 
possible,  reporting  such  examination  to  the  County 
Clerk. 

He  may  cause  the  arrest  of  any  person  suspected  of 
killing  the  deceased,  and  commit  him  to  the  Grand  Jury. 

It  is  the  Coroner's  duty  to  act  as  Sheriff,  if  the 
Sheriff's  office  becomes  vacant,  or  if  the  Sheriff  is  in- 
terested in  a  suit. 

STATE'S  ATTORNEY. 

The  State's  Attorney's  chief  duties  are  to  aid  the 
Grand  Jury  in  the  investigation  of  criminal  matters, 


68  CRAWFORD'S' CIVIL  GOVERNMENT. 

to   draw  indictments,*   and  to  conduct  trials  in  the 
Criminal  Court. 

SUPERINTENDENT   QF   SCHOOLS. 

This  officer  is  required  to  visit  the  schools  of  the 
county  outside  of  the  City  of  Chicago,  notice  the 
teachers'  methods,  the  branches  taught,  text  books 
used,  and  the  general  condition  of  the  schools. 

To  instruct  teachers  in  the  best  methods  of 
teaching. 

To  hold  county  teachers'  institutes. 

To    examine  candidates   for  teachers,    and   issue 
licenses  only  to  those  capable  of  teaching  skillfully, 
'o  decide  contests  in  reference  to  school  law. 
b   divide  the   money    received    from    the    State, 
ajuonj?  the  townships  of  the  county,  in  proportion  to 
e  clmdren  under  twenty-one  years  of  age  in  the  re- 
spective townships.  * 

To  examine  and  approve  the  bonds,  books  and 
accounts  of  township  school  treasurers  before  issuing 
money  to  them. 

To  remove  from  office,  directors  of  school  districts 
who  do  not  perform  their  duties  properly,  and  to  cause 
elections  to  be  held  to  fill  such  vacancies. 

To  report  to  the  State  Superintendent  whatever 
facts  the  latter  needs  for  his  report  to  the  Governor. 

All  of  the  above  officers  may  appoint  deputies  or 
assistants. 

The  County  Board  fixes  the  pay  of  both  officers  and 

*  See  page  89. 


CRAWFORD'S  CIVIL  GOVERNMENT.  69 

assistants,  except,  in  a  few  instances,  where  the  com- 
pensation is  determined  by  State  law. 

QUESTIONS. 

Name  the  Courts  of  Record  in  Cook  County. 

What  is  meant  by  the  "jurisdiction"  of  a  court? 

Define  the  kinds  of  jurisdiction. 

What  jurisdiction  has  each  of  the  courts  of  Cook 
County? 

What  kind  of  cases  may  be  appealed  from  the  Ap- 
pellate to  the  Superior  Court? 

What  officers  has  Cook  County  in  common  with  the 
other  counties  of  the  State? 

State  some  of  the  most  important  duties  of  such 
officers. 

What  is  an  " abstract  of  title?" 


Having  finished  our  study  of  the  State's  two  most 
important  sub-divisions,  its  greatest  City  and  County, 
we  will  now  pass  to  an  examination  of  its  other  parts, 
and  o£  the  State  at  large. 

In  making  such  examination,  we  will  take  up  the 
political  units  of  the  State  in  the  order  of  their  size, 
beginning  with  the  least. 


THE   SCHOOL   DISTKICT.* 

Q.  What  are  the  officers  of  a  school  district  called  ? 

A.  Directors. 

Q.  How  many  directors  are  there  in  each  district  2 

A.  Three. 

Q.  For  what  term  are  they  elected  ? 

A.  Three  years. 

Q.  When  are  they  elected  ? 

A.  One  director  is  elected  every  year  at  the  annual 
district  election,  which  is  held  on  the  third  Saturday  of 
April.  Women  may  be  directors.  Directors  must  be 
21  years  old,  and  able  to  read  and  write  the  English 
language. 

Q.  What  notice  must  be  given  before  the  election  ? 

A.  Ten  days  before  the  election  the  directors  musj; 
put  up  notices  in  three  of  the  most  public  places  in  the 
district,  stating  the  place  where  the  election  will  be 
held,  when  the  voting  will  begin  and  end,  and  the  ques- 
tions that  will  be  voted  on. 

Q.  What  must  the  directors  do  within  ten  days  after 
the  election? 

A.  They  must  meet  and  choose  one  of  their  number 
president  and  another  clerk  of  the  board  of  directors. 

Q.  What  are  the  president's  duties  ? 

A.  To  preside  at  the  meetings  and  execute  the  orders 
of  the  board. 

Q.  What  are  the  clerk's  duties  ? 

A.  To  keep  a  record  of  the  acts  of  the  board,  and 
submit  it  on  the  first  Mondays  of  April  and  October  to 
the  town  treasurer.  On  or  before  July  7,  annually,  to 
*  Cook  County  has  school  district  government  like  the  other 
counties  of  the  State,  and  town  government  like  the  counties  which 
are  under  township  organization.  ^ 


THE   SCHOOL  DISTKICT.  71 

report  to  the  town  treasurer  such  facts  as  the  treasurer 
must  report  to  the  county  superintendent. 

DUTIES  OF  DIRECTORS. 

Q.  What  are  the  duties  of  the  whole  board  of  direc- 
tors? 

AS  TO  TEACHERS? 

A.  To  appoint  teachers  and  fix  their  pay,  and  to  dis- 
miss them  for  incompetency  or  bad  conduct. 

AS   TO  SCHOOL  MANAGEMENT? 

A.  To  visit  schools  and  make  rules  for  their  govern- 
ment. To  direct  what  branches  shall  be  taught.  Not 
to  permit  a  change  of  text  books  oftener  than  once  in 
four  years. 

AS  TO  REPORTS  TO  TREASURER? 

A.  To  report  to  the  town  treasurer  whatever  facts  the 
law  requires  him  to  report  to  the  county  superintendent. 

AS  TO  TAXATION? 

A.  To  levy  a  tax  sufficient,  with  the  district's  share  of 
the  State  fund,  to  maintain  school  at  least  five  and  not 
more  than  nine  months  in  the  year,  and  to  erect  necessary 
school-buildings. 

Directors  can  not  levy  a  tax  of  more  than  three  per  cent,  for  build- 
ing and  two  per  cent,  for  other  educational  purposes.  They  can 
levy  a  tax  sufficient  to  maintain  school  nine  months  of  the  year,  if 
the  tax  does  not  exceed  two  per  cent,  of  the  assessed  value  of  all  the 
property  in  the  district. 

AS  TO  REPORTS  TO  VOTERS? 

A.  Directors  must  at  the  annual  district  election  submit 
to  the  voters  a  report  of  all  sums  of  money  received 
and  paid  out  by  them  during  the  year  (having  sent  a 
copy  to  the  township  treasurer  within  five  days  of  the  time 
of  election),  and  must  post  on  the  door  of  house  where 
the  election  is  held  the  township  treasurer's  exhibit  of 
the  sums  received  and  expended  by  the  district  during 
the  preceding  year.  They  must  also  give  the  names  of 


72  CRAWFORD'S  CIVIL  GOVERNMENT. 

all  persons  between  the  ages  of  twelve  and  twenty-one 
in  the  district  who  can  not  read  and  write,  and  state  the 
causes  of  the  neglect  to  educate  them. 

AS   TO   COMPULSORY   EDUCATION. 

To  compel  all  children  between  the  ages  of  seven  and 
fourteen  years,  to  attend  school,  at  least  sixteen  weeks 
in  each  school  year.  Failure  to  perform  this  duty  sub- 
jects directors  to  prosecution  and  a  fine  of  ten  dollars. 

HOW   DISTRICTS  RECEIVE   THEIR    SHARE  OF  THE 
STATE  FUND. 

Q.  How  do  districts  receive  their  share  of  the  State 
school  tax  ?  * 

A.  On  the  first  Monday  in  January  every  year,  next 
after  taking  the  census  of  the  State,  the  State  auditor 
issues  to  the  superintendent  of  schools  in  each  county  an 
order  on  the  county  treasurer  for  a  sum  of  money  pro- 
portioned to  the  number  of  children  in  the  county  under 
twenty-one  years  of  age. 

Next,  the  county  superintendent  must  require  each 
township  treasurer  to  give  a  sufficient  bond  for  the  safe- 
keeping of  the  money  to  be  paid  over  to  him,  and  then 
pay  to  him  a  sum  proportioned  to  the  children  under 
twenty-one  in  his  town.f 

The  trustees  then  find  how  much  each  district  is  en- 
titled to,  the  sum  being  proportioned  to  the  children  in 
the  district  under  twenty-one.  They  then  let  the  direc- 
tors of  each  district  know  what  sum  belongs  to  their 
district,  and  that  sum  is  paid  out  by  the  township  treas- 
urer as  the  directors  give  orders.  ^  The  directors'  orders 
for  the  payment  of  money  must  be  in  writing. 

*In  addition  to  the  State  tax,  each  district  receives  also  its  proportionate  share  of 
the  following  funds  ;  viz :  Interest  on  the  state,  county  and  township  school  funds, 
and  the  fines  and  forfeitures  collected  by  justices  of  the  peace. 

tThe  county  superintendent  must  not  pay  this  sum  unless  the  directors  have 
made  their  annual  reports  according  to  law. 

t  The  treasurer  should  withhold  all  money  until  the  directors  have  returned  to 
him  their  schedules;  which  they  should  return  in  April  and  October. 


THE   TOWN.  73 

HOW  DISTRICTS  MAY  BE  DIVIDED. 

Q.  Who  lay  out  townships  in  school  districts  ? 

A.  The  trustees. 

Q.  How  can  the  boundaries  of  districts  be  altered  ? 

A.  The  trustees  may  alter  them  when  petitioned  so  to 
do  either  by  a  majority  of  the  voters  of  the  district  or 
districts  affected,  or  by  two-thirds  of  the  voters  of  the 
territory  involved.  Within  ten  days  from  final  action 
upon  a  petition  by  trustees,  an  appeal  may  be  taken 
from  such  action  to  the  county  superintendent.  The 
county  superintendent  may  grant  or  refuse  the  petition 
on  appeal.* 

TRANSFERRING  PUPILS. 

Q.  How  may  pupils  be  transferred  from  one  district 
to  another? 

A.  By  getting  the  written  consent  of  a  majority  of 
the  directors  of  both  districts. 


H.    THE  TOWN. 

TOWNS  AND  TOWNSHIPS  DISTINGUISHED. 

Q.  In  what  town  (or  township)  do  you  live  ?  Give  its 
bounds.  What  cities  or  villages  does  it  contain  ?  How 
many  are  its  school  districts  ? 

Q.  Who  lay  out  town  ? 

A.  Three  commissioners,  appointed  by  the  county 
board.  (See  page  22.) 

Q.  Who  lay  out  townships  ? 

A.  United  States  surveyors,  when  the  Government 
lands  are  first  surveyed.  A  township  is  six  miles  square. 

Q.  Do  the  "towns"  of  a  county  coincide  with  its 
"townships?" 

*See  Sections  76,  77,  78, 79,  82,  and  83  of  School  Laws. 


74  CRAWFORD'S  CIVIL  GOVERNMENT. 

A.  Not  always.  But  it  is  the  duty  of  county  boards 
to  so  lay  out  towns  that  they  will  coincide  with  town- 
ships, if  possible. 

Q.  What  is  the  chief  difference  between  "towns" 
and  "  townships." 

A.  Towns  govern  themselves  in  all  local  matters. 
Townships  govern  themselves  in  school  affairs  only. 
In  all  other  local  matters  they  are  governed  by  the 
county  boards. 

Q.  What  is  the  origin  of  "town  government"  in 
Illinois  ? 

A.  In  1848  a  new  State  constitution  was  adopted, 
which  provided  that  town  government  might  be  organ- 
ized in  all  counties  where  a  majority  of  the  people  voted 
for  it.  The  constitution  adopted  in  1870  contains  a 
similar  provision. 

Q.  Have  all  the  counties  in  the  State  accepted  town 
government,  or  "  township  organization,"  as  it  is  more 
commonly  called  ? 

A.  No.  About  twenty  counties  have  not  yet  done  so. 
These  counties  are  in  the  southern  part  of  the  State. 

Q.  Has  the  county  in  which  you  live  adopted  town- 
ship organization  ?  If  yes,  when  did  it  do  so  ? 

TOWN  OFFICERS— THEIR  TERMS  OF  OFFICE. 

Q.  What  officers  do  towns  have,  and  what  are  their 
terms  of  office? 

A.  One  or  more  supervisors,  term,  two  years.  A  col- 
lector, a  clerk,  an  assessor;  term  of  each,  one  year.  Three 
highway  commissioners;  term  three  years,  one  commis- 
sioner being  elected  annually.  Two  or  more  justices  of 
the  peace;  two  or  more  constables;  term  of  each,  four 
years.  One  or  more  poundmasters  may  be  elected  at 


THE   TOWN.  75 

town  meetings,  to  serve  one  year.*  A  commissioner  of 
Canada  thistles  may  be  appointed  by  the  board  or  town 
auditors,  to  serve  three  years.  If  such  commissioner  is 
not  so  appointed,  the  county  board  must  appoint  one,  if 
petitioned  by  twenty-five  land  owners  in  the  town  to  be 
affected,  or  in  the  towns  adjoining,  the  same. 

Q.  In  what  case  has  a  town  more  than  one  super- 
visor ? 

A.  In  towns  of  4,000  inhabitants  there  is  one  assist- 
ant, and  for  every  2,500  above  4,000  one  supervisor  is 
added.  I 

Q.  In  what  case  are  there  more  than  two  justices  and 
two  constables? 

A.  One  justice  and  one  constable  are  added  for  every 
1,000  inhabitants  above  2,000  till  there  are  five  of  each. 

TOWN  MEETING. 

Q.  What  do  towns  have  that  unorganized  townships 
lack? 

A.  Town  meetings. 

Q.  What  is  a  town  meeting? 

A.  It  is  a  meeting  of  the  voters  of  the  town  to  elect 
town  officers,  adopt  rules  for  the  government  of  the 
town,  and  to  hear  the  reports  of  the  town  officers  for 
the  preceding  year. 

Q.  When  is  the  annual  town  meeting  held? 

A.  On  the  first  Tuesday  of  April. 

Q.  What  must  precede  the  meeting  ? 

A.  The  town  clerk  must  post  notices  of  the  time  and 
place  of  holding  the  meeting  in  three  of  the  most  public 
places  in  the  town  ten  days  before  the  meeting,  and  in- 
sert the  notice  also  in  a  newspaper,  if  any  is  published 
in  the  town. 

ORGANIZATION  OF  THE  TOWN  MEETING. 
Q.  How  does  a  town  meeting  prepare  for  business  ? 
A.  Between  8  and  9  o'clock  the  town  clerk  calls  the 

*  In  towns  coincident  with  townships  one  school  trustee  Is  elected  annually  »t 
town  meeting.  See  page  86.  For  election  of  school  treasurer,  see  page  86. 


76  CRAWFORD'S  CIVIL  GOVERNMENT. 

meeting  to  order,  and  calls  on  the  voters  present  to  elect 
one  of  their  number  moderator. 

Q.  What  must  the  moderator  do  before  assuming 
his  office? 

A.  He  must  take  an  oath,  faithfully  to  discharge  his 
duties. 

Q.  What  are  his  duties  ? 

A.  To  act  as  a  judge  of  election  and  preside  over  the 
meeting  during  the  transaction  of  miscellaneous  busi- 
ness. 

Q.  What  further  duties  has  the  clerk  after  the  elec- 
tion of  moderator  ? 

A.  He  must  write  all  the  proceedings  of  the  meeting 
in  a  book  known  as  the  "town  records,"  and  must  sign 
his  name  to  the  record  *of  each  meeting.  The  moderator 
must  also  sign  his  name  to  the  same.  * 

Q.  After  the  moderator  is  chosen  and  has  taken  his 
oath  of  office,  what  is  next  done  ? 

A.  The  ballot  box  is  produced  and  voting  for  town 
officers  begins. 

Q.  How  are  town  officers  voted  for  ? 

A.  By  ballot.  That  is,  each  voter  hands  a  ticket  con- 
taining the  names  of  the  candidates  for  whom  he  wishes 
to  vote  to  a  judge  of  election,  who  puts  it  in  the  ballot 
box. 

Q.  Who  besides  the  moderator  are  judges  of  elec- 
tion? 

A.  The  supervisor,  collector  and  assessor. 

Q.  What  are  the  duties  of  judges  of  election  ? 

A.  To  receive  the  ballots  (or  tickets),  not  permit  any 
unqualified  person  to  vote,  and  to  count  the  votes  after 
the  polls  are  closed. 

Q.  What  persons  have  a  right  to  vote  ? 

A.  All  men  21  years  old  or  older,  who  are  citizens  of 


THE   TOWN.  77 

the  United  States,  and  have  lived  in  the  State  one  year, 
in  the  county  ninety  days,  and  in  the  voting  precinct 
thirty  days  next  preceding  the  election. 

When  towns  have  more  than  450  voters,  it  is  the  duty 
of  the  county  board  to  provide  two  or  more  voting 
places,  to  appoint  three  judges  for  each,  and  to  direct 
that  the  general  business  of  the  town  shall  be  done  at 
one  of  said  places. 

POWERS  AND  DUTIES  OF  TOWN  MEETINGS. 

Q.  "What  besides  electing  officers  is  done  at  town 
meeting  ? 

A.  Miscellaneous  business  is  attended  to. 

Q.  When  is  this  done  ? 

A.  At  2  o'clock  in  the  afternoon  the  ballot  box  is 
closed,  and  the  moderator  calls  the  meeting  to  order  for 
miscellaneous  business. 

Q.  What  are  some  of  the  things  that  may  be  done 
under  the  name  of  miscellaneous  business  ? 

A.  Under  the  name  of  miscellaneous  business  the 
Voters  may  hear  and  act  upon  the  reports  of  officers  for 
the  preceding  year.  May  order  the  raising  of  money  by 
taxation  for  roads,  bridges,  and  some  other  objects.  May 
direct  the  proper  officers  to  commence  and  defend  law- 
suits for  the  town.  May  offer  rewards  for  the  destruction 
of  Canada  thistles.  May  offer  rewards  for  planting  trees 
by  public  roads.  May  make  rules  about  fences  in  the 
town.  May  regulate  or  forbid  the  running  at  large  of 
stock.  May  provide  for  public  wells  and  watering  places. 
May  forbid  the  doing  of  anything  that  will  lessen  the 
health  fulness  of  the  town.  May  decide  whether  the  road 
tax  shall  be  paid  in  money  or  in  work.  May  provide 
for  fining  any  one  who  shall  break  any  of  the  rules  adopted 
at  town  meeting.  No  fine  can  be  more  than  $50.00. 


78  CRAWFORD'S  CIVIL  GOVERNMENT. 

Q.  How  may  votes  be  taken  on  questions  of  miscel- 
laneous business? 

A.  In  three  ways.  Viva  voee,  that  is,  by  answering 
"Aye  "  or  "No  "  to  the  questions  put  to  the  meeting  by 
the  moderator ;  by  division  of  the  house,  that  is,  by 
those  favoring  a  motion,  moving  to  one  side  of  the  house, 
those  opposing,  to  the  other ;  and  by  standing  to  be 
counted. 

Q.  What  follows  miscellaneous  business  ? 

A.  After  the  moderator  announces  that  it  is  closed, 
the  ballot  box  is  again  produced,  and  voting  for  town 
officers  begins  again  and  continues  until  the  closing  of 
the  polls.  As  soon  as  the  polls  are  closed,  the  judges  of 
election  count  the  votes,  and  the  clerk  makes  a  record 
of  the  result  and  reads  this  publicly  to  the  meeting. 

Q.  If  a  town  office  becomes  vacant  by  death,  resigna- 
tion or  other  means,  what  is  done  ? 

A.  The  town  board  of  appointment,  consisting  of  the 
supervisor,  clerk  and  justices  of  the  peace,  choose  some 
person  to  fill  the  vacancy  during  the  remainder  of  the 
term. 

OATH  AND  BONDS  OF  TOWN  OFFICERS. 

Q.  What  must  all  town  officers  do  before  taking  pos- 
session of  their  offices  ? 

A.  They  must  take  an  oath  in  which  they  promise  to 
support  the  constitution  of  the  United  States  and  of" 
Illinois,  and  to  faithfully  perform  the  duties  of  their 
offices. 

Every  officer  that  has  public  money  to  handle  must 
give  an  official  bond  for  double  the  sum  of  money 
that  he  will  receive,  to  secure  the  public  against  loss. 

Q.  What  is  an  official  bond  ? 

A.  It  is  a  written  promise  by  an  officer  and  at  least 


THE   TOWN.  79 

two  other  persons  to  pay  into  the  public  treasury  a  cer- 
tain sum  of  money  if  the  officer  does  not  take  proper 
care  of  the  public  money  that  may  come  into  his  hands. 

TOWN  BOARDS. 

Q.  Name  the  various  town  boards,  and  state  who 
compose  them  and  what  their  duties  are  ? 

A.  The  board  of  appointment  has  been  already 
described. 

The  board  of  health  consists  of  the  supervisors,  the  as- 
sessor and  town  clerk.  It  is  their  duty  to  prevent  the 
spread  of  contagious  diseases. 

The  board  of  auditors  consists  of  the  supervisor,  clerk, 
and  one  or  more  justices  of  the  peace.  It  is  their  duty 
to  examine  all  claims  against  the  town,  and  to  see 
that  the  town  is  not  defrauded  out  of  any  money. 
For  this  purpose  they  meet  at  the  town  clerk's  office 
twice  a  year,  on  the  Tuesday  before  the  annual  meet- 
ing of  the  county  board,  and  on  the  Tuesday  before  the 
annual  town  meeting. 

At  these  meetings  the  accounts  of  all  the  town  officers 
are  examined  for  the  purpose  of  learning  whether  the 
public  money  has  been  properly  cared  for  and  judiciously 
expended. 

The  board  of  equalization  consists  of  the  assessor, 
clerk  and  supervisor.  This  board  meets  on  the  fourth 
Monday  in  June,  every  year,  to  equalize  assessments  of 
the  value  of  property.  The  assessor  may  set  too  high 
a  value  on  some  property  and  too  low  a  value  on  other 
property.  The  owners  of  the  former  would  pay  too 
much  tax,  the  owners  of  the  latter  too  little.  It  is  the 
duty  of  the  board  to  equalize  all  the  assessor's  valua- 
tions as  nearly  as  possible. 


80  CRAWFORD'S  CIVIL  GOVERNMENT. 

DUTIES  OF   TOWN   OFFICERS. 
SUPERVISORS. 

Q.  What  are  the  duties  of  the  principal  supervisor ! 

A.  To  act  as  treasurer  of  all  town  money  except  the 
school  and  the  highway  and  bridge  funds. 

To  oversee  the  town  paupers. 

To  attend  meetings  of  the  county  board. 

To  report  to  the  town  board  of  auditors  one  week  be- 
fore the  annual  town  meeting  all  sums  of  money 
received  and  paid  out  by  him  during  the  year. 

To  file  with  the  town  clerk,  one  week  before  the  an- 
nual town  meeting,  a  statement  showing  what  sums  of 
money  are  due  the  town  and  what  sums  the  town  owes. 
(This  statement  the  clerk  must  copy  into  the  town 
records  and  read  at  the  town  meeting.) 

To  carry  on  lawsuits  for  the  recovery  of  fines  and 
penalties  due  the  town. 

Q.  What  are  the  duties  of  assistant  supervisors  . 

A.  They  have  no  authority  in  town  affairs  (except  as 
members  of  the  board  of  health),  but  in  the  county 
board  they  have  the  same  powers  as  the  principal  super- 
visor. 

CLERK. 

Q.  What  are  the  clerk's  duties  ? 

A.  To  take  care  of  all  records,  books  and  papers 
belonging  to  the  town. 

To  record  all  acts  of  town  meetings  and  of  the  town 
board  of  auditors. 

To  send  to  the  county  clerk,  on  or  before  the  second 
Tuesday  in  August,  a  statement  of  the  amount  of  taxes 
to  be  levied  in  his  town  for  that  year. 


THE   TOWN.  81 

ASSESSOR,  COLLECTOR. 

Q.  What  is  the  assessor's  duty  ? 

A.  To  make  an  assessment  of  all  the  property  in  the 
town. 

Q.   What  is  an  assessment  ? 

A.  It  is  a  value  set  on  property  and  written  down  in 
the  assessor's  book  for  the  purpose  of  taxation. 

Q.  How  is  each  man's  tax  found  ? 

A.  By  multiplying  the  value  of  his  property  as  fixed 
by  the  assessor  by  the  rate  per  cent,  of  taxation. 

Q.  What  are  the  collector's  duties  ? 

A.  To  collect  the  town  taxes.  To  pay  those  levied 
for  school  purposes  to  the  treasurer  of  the  school  fund; 
those  levied  for  roads  and  bridges,  to  the  treasurer  of 
the  highway  commissioners;  and  those  levied  for  gen- 
eral town  purposes,  to  the  principal  supervisor. 

SCHOOL  TRUSTEES. 

Q.  What  are  the  duties  of  trustees  of  schools  ? 

A.  To  divide  the  township  into  school  districts  accord- 
ing to  the  wishes  of.a  majority  of  the  people. 

To  divide  the  school  money  among  the  districts  in 
proportion  to  the  number  of  children  in  each,  under 
twenty-one  years  of  age. 

To  withhold  money  from  all  districts  that  do  not  keep 
their  schools  according  to  law,  and  in  obedience  to  the 
directions  of  the  county  and  State  superintendents. 

To  control  township  high  schools,  when  such  have 
been  established. 

To  appoint  a  treasurer  of  the  school  funds. 

SCHOOL  TREASURER. 

Q.  What  are  the  school  treasurer's  duties  ? 

A.  To  take  care  of  the  school  money  of  the  township. 


82  CRAWFORD'S  CIVIL  GOVERNMENT. 

To  keep  the  permanent  school  funds  at  interest. 

To  report  annually  to  the  trustees,  all  sums  received, 
paid  out,  and  in  hand. 

To  settle  twice  a  year  with  the  directors,  making  a 
sworn  statement  that  will  show  the  amount  each  district 
is  entitled  to. 

To  report  under  oath,  on  or  before  June  30, 
annually,  to  the  county  superintendent  the  condition  oi 
the  township  funds. 

To  report  to  the  county  superintendent  such  facts  as 
are  called  for  by  the  State  superintendent. 

HIGHWAY  COMMISSIONERS. 

Q.  What  are  the  duties  of  highway  commissioners  ? 

A.  To  choose  one  of  their  number  treasurer. 

To  divide  the  town  into  a  suitable  number  of  road 
districts. 

To  lay  out  new  roads  and  alter  old  ones,  and  to  build 
new  bridges,  when  they  deem  such  acts  necessary. 

To  keep  roads  and  bridges  in  repair. 

To  put  up  guide  boards  at  forks  and  crossings. 

To  levy  a  road  tax  and  see  that  it  is  collected,  or  an 
equivalent  amount  of  work  done  on  the  roads  of  the 
town. 

To  appoint,  in  towns  where  road  tax  is  paid  in  labor, 
an  overseer  of  highways  in  each  road  district. 

To  give  directions  to  overseers  of  highways  about  tt.s 
work  in  their  respective  road  districts, 

OVERSEERS  OF  HIGHWAYS. 

Q.  What  is  the  duty  of  overseers  of  highways  ? 
A.  To  superintend  the  road  work  done  in  tneir  re- 
spective districts. 


THE   TOWN.  83 

POUNDMASTER  AND  COMMISSIONER  OF  CANADA 
THISTLES. 

Q.  What  is  the  poundm  aster's  duty  ? 

A.  To  shut  up  stock  found  running  at  large,  and  hold 
it  till  the  owners  take  charge  of  it. 

Q.  What  is  the  duty  of  the  commissioner  of  Canada 
thistles  ? 

A.  To  destroy  all  Canada  thistles  found  growing  in 

the  town. 

JUSTICES  AND  CONSTABLES 

Q.  What  are  the  duties  of  justices  of  the  peace  ? 

A.  To  try  civil  causes  when  the  sum  in  dispute  is  not 
more  than  $200. 

To  try  criminal  causes,  when  the  punishment  is  by  fine 
only  and  the  fine  is  not  more  than  $200. 

To  try  offenders  in  cases  of  assault  and  battery,  and 
in  some  other  cases. 

To  examine  those  accused  of  offenses  punishable  by 
imprisonment  in  the  county  jail  or  penitentiary,  and  if 
the  evidence  shows  their  guilt,  to  hold  them  to  bail  or 
send  them  to  jail,  to  remain  till  the  meeting  of  the  grand 


Q.  What  are  the  duties  of  constables  ? 
A.  To  stop  all  disorderly  conduct  that  they  witness, 
and  to  execute  the  orders  of  justices  of  the  peace  and 

other  magistrates. 

CIVIL  CAUSES. 

Q.  What  is  a  civil  cause  ? 

A.  It  is  a  suit  in  court  to  compel  the  defendant  to  pay 
the  plaintiff  a  sum  of  money  for  a  debt  due  or  an  injury 
done  to  the  plaintiff,  or  to  recover  possession  of 

property. 

CRIMINAL  CAUSES. 

Q.  What  is  a  criminal  cause  ? 


84  CRAWFORD'S  CIVIL  GOVERNMENT. 

A.  It  is  a  suit  brought  to  secure  the  punishment  of 
some  person  who  has  offended  against  a  public  law. 

Q.  What  is  a  fine? 

A.  It  is  a  sum  of  money  to  be  paid  into  the  public 
treasury  by  an  offender  against  law  as  a  punishment  for 
his  offense. 

Q.  What  is  an  assault  ? 

A.  An  attempt  by  one  person  to  strike  another.  If 
the  act  is  done,  the  offense  becomes  assault  and  battery. 

HOLDING  TO  BAIL. 

Q.  What  is  "  holding  to  bail  ?  " 

A.  It  is  compelling  a  prisoner  to  produce  a  certain 
number  of  persons  who  will  promise  in  writing  to  pay 
into  the  public  treasury  a  given  sum  of  money,  if  the 
prisoner,  being  set  at  liberty,  does  not  afterward  appear 
in  court  on  a  certain  day. 

PAY  OF  TOWN  OFFICERS. 

Q.  What  can  you  say  of  the  pay  of  town  officers  ? 

A.  Some  are  paid  by  the  day,  others  partly  by  the 
d.'iy  and  partly  in  fees.  Those  paid  by  the  day  receive 
from  $1.25  to  $2.50  per  day.  The  fees  vary  widely  in 
amount,  and  are  fixed  by  State  law. 

Q.  What  is  a  fee? 

A.  A  certain  sum  to  be  received  for  a  certain  service. 
For  example,  the  clerk  receives  twenty-five  cents  for 
posting  a  notice  of  a  town  meeting. 

SPECIAL  TOWN  MEETINGS. 

Q.  Can  there  be  more  than  one  town  meeting  in  the 
same  year? 

A.  Special  town  meetings  may  be  held  when  the 
supervisor,  clerk,  and  a  justice  of  the  peace,  or  any  two 
of  these  officers,  together  with  at  least  fifteen  voters, 


THE  TOWN.  00 

sign  a  written  statement  that  a  special  town  meeting  is 
necessary,  and  file  this  statement  in  the  town  clerk's 
office.  This  statement  must  describe  the  object  of  the 
meeting. 

Notice  must  then  be  given  as  for  other  town  meetings, 
the  notice  stating  the  object  for  which  the  meeting  is 
called.  No  business  can  be  done  at  a  special  town  meet- 
ing, except  such  as  is  described  in  the  statement  filed 
with  the  clerk  and  contained  in  the  clerk's  notice  of  the 
meeting. 

THE  NATURE  OF  TOWN  GOVERNMENT. 

Q.  What  three  kinds  of  acts  are  done  in  governing 
a  town  ? 

A.  Legislative,  executive  and  judicial. 

Q.  Who  do  the  first? 

A.  The  voters  at  town  meeting,  when  they  vote  on 
motions  during  the  transaction  of  miscellaneous  busi- 
ness. The  motions  that  they  adopt  become  laws  for  the 
government  of  the  town. 

Q.  Who  do  the  second  ? 

A.  The  supervisor,  school  trustees  and  highway  com- 
missioners. They  see  that  the  laws  made  at  town  meet- 
ing (and  also  State  laws)  are  put  into  effect,  or  executed. 

Q.  Who  perform  the  third  kind  of  acts  ? 

A.  Justices  of  the  peace  and  constables.  They  enforce 
obedience  to  the  laws  by  punishing  those  who  break 
them. 

As  in  the  town,  so  in  the  village,  the  city,  the  county, 
the  State,  and  the  United  States,  we  shall  find  these 
three  departments  of  government,  and  only  these, 
namely  ;  the  legislative  or  law-making,  the  executive,  or 
that  which  puts  the  law  into  operation,  and  the  judicial, 
or  law-enforcing. 


86  CRAWFORD'S  CIVIL  GOVERNMENT. 

Q.   What  kind  of  a  government  is  that  of  a  town  ? 

A.  A  pure  democracy.  The  people  themselves  make 
the  laws. 

Q.  What  kind  of  a  government  is  that  of  an  unorgan- 
ized township  ? 

A.  A  representative  democracy.  The  local  laws  for 
the  township  (except  in  school  matters)  are  made  by 
representatives  chosen  by  the  people;  namely,  the 
county  commissioners. 

(It  is  to  be  remembered  that  over  the  laws  made  as 
above  described,  are  the  general  laws  made  by  the  State 
legislature  for  towns  and  townships  alike.) 

OFFICERS  OF  TOWNSHIPS. 

Q.  What  officers  do  townships  have  ? 

A.  They  have  three  school  trustees,  one  trustee  being 
elected  on  the  second  Saturday  in  April  of  each  year;  and 
a  school  treasurer,  elected  biennially  by  the  trustees. 

In  counties  under  township  organization,  if  any  town- 
ships do  not  coincide  with  the  bounds  of  organized 
towns,  such  townships  also  hold  their  election  for  school 
trustee  on  the  second  Saturday  in  April.  And  if  a 
township  lies  partly  in  two  or  more  counties,  it  never- 
theless elects  school  trustees,  and  is  goverened  in  school 
matters  as  if  it  lay  wholly  in  one  county  and  was  not 
coincident  in  its  bounds  with  an  organized  town. 

In  counties  not  under  township  organization,  the 
county  board  divides  the  county  into  election  precincts. 
Each  precinct  elects  as  many  justices  and  constables  as 
a  town  of  equal  population. 

Q.  How  many  kinds  of  townships  are  there  in  Illi- 
nois? 


THE  COtJNTt.  87 


III.      THE   COUNTY. 

Q.  What  political  division  of  the  State  is  larger  than 
the  town  ? 

A.  The  county. 

Q.  In  what  county  do  you  live?  How  large  is  it? 
Is  it  under  township  organization?  If  so,  give  the 
names  of  its  towns.  Give  its  bounds.  Name  its  seat. 
What  is  a  county  seat  ? 

A.  It  is  the  city  or  village  where  the  court-house  and 
county  offices  are,  and  where  the  county  business  is 
done. 

COUNTY  OFFICERS— THEIR  TERMS  OF  OFFICE. 

Q.  Name  the  officers  of  a  county  and  give  the  term  of 
each. 

A.  County  clerk,  clerk  of  the  circuit  court,  recorder, 
county  judge,  probate  judge,  State's  attorney,  sheriff, 
superintendent  of  schools,  treasurer,  surveyor,  and  coro- 
ner; term,  four  years.  In  counties  under  township 
organization,  supervisors;  one  or  more  from  each  town, 
and  one  or  more  from  each  city  in  the  county  (the  num- 
ber from  cities  being  determined  in  the  same  way  as  in 
the  towns);  term,  one  year. 

In  counties  not  under  township  organization,  instead 
of  supervisors  there  are  three  commissioners,  elected  by 
the  whole  county  for  a  term  of  three  years. 

THE  COUNTY  BOARD— POWERS  AND  DUTIES. 

Q.  What  officers  constitute  the  county  board  ? 
A.  The  supervisors  or  commissioners. 
Q.  How  many  meetings  do  the  supervisors  hold  in  a 
year? 


88  CRAWFORD'S  CIVIL  GOVERNMENT. 

A.  Two  regular  meetings,  namely,  on  the  second 
Monday  in  July  and  the  second  Tuesday  in  September  ; 
and  special  meetings  whenever  one-third  of  their  num- 
ber ask  for  such  meetings. 

Q.  How  does  the  county  board  organize  for  business  ? 

A.  The  first  meeting  of  the  year  is  called  to  order  by 
the  county  clerk,  when  the  supervisors  proceed  to  elect 
one  of  their  number  chairman  for  the  succeeding 
year. 

Q.  What  are  the  duties  of  the  chairman  ? 

A.  To  appoint  the  committees  and  preside  over  the 
meetings  of  the  board. 

Q.  What  can  you  say  about  the  committees  ? 

A.  A  committee  consists  of  three  or  more  members 
of  the  board,  whose  special  duty  it  is  to  look  after  some 
branch  of  the  county  business.  Thus,  the  members  of 
the  committee  for  the  poor  see  that  the  county  farm  for 
the  support  of  the  county's  paupers  is  properly  man- 
aged, and  that  the  paupers  are  properly  fed,  clothed  and 
housed.  They  also  examine  and  allow  or  disallow  bills  for 
the  support  of  the  poor.  This  is  called  "  auditing  bills." 
Nearly  all  the  county  business  is  divided  among  the 
committees  of  the  board,  but  each  committee  must 
report  all  its  proposed  acts  to  the  board  for  its  approval 
before  the  acts  can  be  done. 

Q.  What  are  some  of  the  duties  of  the  whole  board  ? 

A.  To  erect  and  furnish  a  court-house,  jail,  and  other 
necessary  county  buildings.  To  levy  special  taxes  for 
this  and  other  purposes. 

To  fix  the  pay  of  county  officers,  which  can  not  be 
changed  during  the  term  for  which  the  officers  are 
elected. 

To  take  measures  for  prosecuting  and  defending  the 
lawsuits  of  the  county. 


THE  COUNTY,  89 

To  select  grand  jurors,  and  prepare  a  list  from  which 
the  circuit  clerk  may  draw  petit  jurors. 

To  examine  all  bills  against  the  county,  and  see  that 
none  are  paid  except  those  that  are  just. 

To  examine  the  accounts  of  the  county  treasurer  and 
count  the  money  in  the  treasury  twice  a  year. 

To  publish  in  a  paper  of  the  county  after  each  meet- 
ing a  full  report  of  all  their  acts. 

The  supervisors  must  hold  their  meetings  with  open 
doors,  and,  if  possible,  in  the  court-house. 

They  can  not  levy  a  tax  of  more  than  75  cents  on 
$100  valuation  for  ordinary  county  expenses,  nor  more 
than  100  cents  on  $100  valuation  to  pay  a  county  debt, 
existing  at  the  time  of  the  adoption  of  the  present  State 
constitution,  nor  contract  a  bonded  debt  for  the  county, 
without  first  submitting  the  question  of  such  tax  or  debt 
to  a  vote  of  the  people. 

Q.  Why  is  the  county  board  required  to  hold  its 
meetings  with  open  doors,  and  to  publish  accounts  of  its 
proceedings  ? 

THE  GRAND  JURY. 

Q.  What  can  you  say  about  a  grand  jury  ? 

A.  A  grand  jury  consists  of  twenty-three  men.  It  is 
their  duty  to  examine  evidence  against  those  accused  of 
crime,  and  if  the  evidence  is  strong  enough,  to  advise 
the  court  to  put  the  accused  on  trial.  The  grand  jury's 
advice  in  such  a  case  consists  in  giving  the  court  a  paper 
called  an  "  indictment,"  in  which  the  criminal  is  named 
and  his  crime  is  described.  A  majority  of  the  grand 
jury  must  vote  in  favor  of  an  indictment  before  it  can 
be  presented  to  the  court.  The  grand  jury  hears  no 
evidence  in  defense,  and  its  meetings  are  not  open  to  the 
public. 


PO  CRAWFORD'S  CIVIL  GOVERNMENT. 


PETIT  JURY. 

Q.   What  can  you  say  of  a  petit  jury  ? 

A.  A  petit  jury  consists  of  twelve  men.  It  is  their 
duty  to  hear  the  evidence  on  both  sides  of  every  case 
brought  before  them,  and  to  decide  the  case  according  to 
the  weight  of  the  evidence  and  the  law  that  applies  to 
that  particular  case.  The  law  is  explained  to  them  by 
the  judge.  Their  decision  is  called  a  "verdict."  A 
verdict  can  not  be  given  unless  all  the  jury  vote  for  it. 

COUNTY  AND  PROBATE  COURT. 

Q.  Are  the  offices  of  county  judge  and  probate  judge 
tilled  by  one  man  or  two  men  in  your  county  ? 

Q.  In  what  case  are  these  offices  separate  2 

A.  In  counties  of  50,000  inhabitants  two  men  may  be 
elected  to  fill  these  offices.  In  counties  of  less  than 
50,000  inhabitants,  one  man  is  elected  to  perform  the 
duties  of  both  offices.  In  this  case  he  is  called  simply 
the  " county  judge,"  and  his  court  is  called  the  "county 
court. " 

Q.  What  jurisdiction  have  probate  courts  ? 

A.  They  have  original  jurisdiction  in  matters  relating 
to  wills,  the  settlement  of  estates  of  deceased  persons, 
apprentices,  guardians  of  minors,  and  conservators  of 
the  insane  and  the  imbecile. 

Q.  What  is  meant  by  "original  jurisdiction?" 
By  "  exclusive  jurisdiction  ?  " 

A.  When  a  court  has  original  jurisdiction  in  any  mat- 
ters, suits  about  those  matters  may  be  commenced  in 
that  court. 

When  a  court  has  exclusive  jurisdiction  in  any  mat- 
2 


THE    COUNTY.  91 

ters,  suits  about  such  matters  must  be  commenced  in 
that  court  alone. 

Q.  What  jurisdiction  have  county  courts  ? 

A.  They  have  exclusive  jurisdiction  in  suits  for  the 
collection  of  taxes  by  sale  of  real  estate,  and  concurrent 
jurisdiction  with  circuit  courts  in  civil  matters,  in  all 
cases  like  those  brought  before  justices  of  the  peace,  if 
the  amount  in  dispute  does  not  exceed  $1,000,  and  in 
criminal  matters,  if  the  punishment  may  not  be  im- 
prisonment in  the  penitentiary  or  death.  County  courts 
have  also  concurrent  jurisdiction  with  circuit  courts  in 
cases  appealed  from  justices  of  the  peace  and  police 
magistrates. 

Q.  What  is  meant  by  "  concurrent  jurisdiction  ?  " 

A.  Matters  in  which  two  or  more  courts  have  concur- 
rent jurisdiction  can  be  brought  before  either  of  such 
courts.  If  A  gives  me  a  note  for  any  sum  Jess  than 
$200,  and  when  it  is  due  refuses  to  pay,  I  can  sue  him 
before  a  justice  of  the  peace,  or  in  the  county,  or  the 
circuit  court,  for  all  these  have  concurrent  jurisdiction  in 
such  a  case. 

Q.  What  are  civil  and  criminal  matters  ? 

(See  the  chapter  on  The  Town.) 

Q.  What  is  it  "to  appeal"  a  case? 

A.  It  is  to  carry  it,  after  trial,  to  a  higher  court  for  a 
new  trial.  The  higher  court,  in  such  an  event,  is  said 
to  have  "appellate  jurisdiction." 

COUNTY  AND  PROBATE  JUDGES. 

Q.  What  are  the  duties  of  county  and  probate 
judges  ? 

A.  To  preside  over  the  county  and  probate  courts  in 
their  respective  counties. 


92  CRAWFORD'S  CIVIL  GOVERNMENT. 

COUNTY  CLERK. 

Q.  Who  is  county  clerk  in  your  county  ? 

Q'  What  are  some  of  the  duties  of  the  county  clerk? 

A.  To  attend  the  sessions  of  the  county  court,  and 
make  a  record,  in  books  kept  for  the  purpose,  of  what- 
ever is  done  by  the  court. 

To  keep  a  record  of  all  the  acts  of  the  county  board. 

To  keep  a  record  of  all  the  orders  for  money  drawn 
on  the  county  treasurer. 

After  every  general  election,  to  count,  with  the  aid  of 
two  justices  of  the  peace,  the  votes  as  returned  to  him 
by  the  judges  of  election  in  the  various  towns  and  pre- 
cincts of  the  county,  and  to  send  the  result  to  the  Secre- 
tary of  State. 

To  issue  marriage  licenses. 

To  compute  the  tax  of  every  person  in  the  county, 
enter  it  in  proper  books,  and  issue  these  books  to  the 
collectors. 

Q.  What  books  must  the  clerk  have  before  he  can 
compute  the  tax  ? 

A.  He  must  have  the  assessor's  books,  for  in  these  the 
value  of  each  person's  property  is  set  down. 

Q.  How  is  the  rate  per  cent,  of  taxation  determined  ? 

(See  your  Arithmetic.) 

Q.  What  is  a  general  election  ? 

A.  An  election  where  any  State  officer  is  chosen. 

SHERIFF. 

Q.  Name  the  sheriff  in  your  county  ? 

Q.  For  how  long  a  term  is  a  sheriff  elected  ? 

Q.  What  are  some  of  a  sheriff's  duties  ? 

A.  To  attend  all  the  sessions  of  the  county  and  circuit 
courts,  to  preserve  order  in  the  same,  and  to  execute  the 
commands  of  the  court. 


THE    COUNTY.  93 

To  serve  writs,  summonses,  subpoenas  and  other  judi 
cial  papers. 

To  prevent  disorderly  conduct  wherever  he  is,  and  to 
arrest  offenders  against  the  law. 

To  have  charge  of  the  court-house  and  jail,  to  take 
criminals  condemned  to  imprisonment  to  the  peniten- 
tiary or  house  of  correction,  and  to  hang  criminals  con- 
demned to  death. 

STATE'S  ATTORNEY. 

Q.  Name  the  State's  attorney  in  your  county  ? 

Q.  What  are  some  of  his  duties  ? 

A.  To  prosecute  criminals.  To  draw  indictments  for 
the  ^grand  jury. 

To  act  as  attorney  for  his  county  in  all  suits  brought 
for  or  against  it. 

To  act  as  counsel  for  all  county  officers  and  justices  of 
the  peace  in  matters  relating  to  their  duties  as  repre- 
sentatives of  the  people. 

Q.  Who  is  a  criminal  ? 

A.  One  who  has  offended  against  a  public  law.' 

Q.  What  is  it  u  to  prosecute  "  a  criminal  ? 

A.  To  prosecute  a  criminal  is  to  have  him  arrested  and 
brought  into  court,  to  bring  evidence  before  the  court 
intended  to  prove  him  guilty,  and  to  ask  the  court  to 
have  him  punished,  if  guilty.  All  criminals  have  a 
right  to  be  tried  by  a  jury. 

CORONER. 

Q.  What  are  the  duties  of  a  coroner  ? 

A.  To  examine,  with  the  aid  of  a  jury,  the  body  of 
any  person  killed  by  accident  or  having  died  from  any 
mysterious  cause,  and  to  report  such  examination  to  the 
county  clerk. 


94  CRAWFORD'S  CIVIL  GOVERNMENT. 

To  arrest,  if  necessary  to  prevent  escape,  any  one 
suspected  of  killing  the  deceased. 

To  act  as  sheriff,  if  the  sheriff's  office  becomes  vacant, 
or  if  the  sheriff  is  interested  in  any  suit. 

CIRCUIT  CLERK  AND  RECORDER  OF  DEEDS. 

Q.  What  other  offices,  besides  those  of  county  and 
probate  judge,  are  sometimes  united  and  filled  by  one 
man  ? 

A.  The  offices  of  clerk  of  the  circuit  court  and  re- 
corder of  deeds. 

Q.  Where  are  these  offices  united  and  where  sep- 
arate ? 

A.  In  counties  of  less  than  60,000  inhabitants  they 
are  united.  In  counties  of  60,000,  or  more,  they  are 
separate. 

Q.  What  are  some  of  the  duties  of  clerk  of  the  cir- 
cuit court  ? 

A.  To  attend  the  sessions  of  the  circuit  court  in  his 
county,  and  make  a  record  in  books  provided  for  the 
purpose  of  all  the  proceedings  of  that  court. 

To  keep  an  account  of  the  costs  of  suits,  such  as  fees 
of  the  sheriff,  clerk,  and  witnesses. 

To  issue  process,  that  is,  to  write  down  the  orders  of 
the  court,  and  give  these  orders  to  the  sheriff  and  his 
assistants  to  execute. 

Q.  Who  pay  the  costs  of  suits  ? 

A.  Generally  the  persons  against  whom  suits  are  de- 
cided. 

Q.  What  are  the  principal  duties  of  recorders  ? 

A.  To  obtain  suitable  books,  and,  when  requested,  to 
record  in  these,  deeds,  mortgages,  and  all  other  papers 
relating  to  the  title  to  land,  and  to  record  also  chattel 
mortgages. 


THE    COUNTY.  95 

DEEDS. 

Q.  What  is  a  deed  ? 

A.  It  is  a  writing  in  which  a  person  known  as  the 
grantor,  conveys  his  interest  in  land  described  in  the 
deed,  to  another  person  known  as  the  grantee. 

RECORDING  DEEDS. 

Q.  What  is  "  recording  "  a  deed  ? 

A.  It  is  making  a  copy  of  it  in  one  of  the  recorder's 
books. 

Q.  What  are  deeds  recorded  for  ? 

A.  That  the  recorder's  books  may  show  who  owns  the 
land,  if  the  deeds  are  lost. 

MORTGAGES. 

Q.  What  is  a  mortgage  ? 

A.  It  is  a  deed  in  which  the  owner  of  land  or  other 
property,  conveys  his  interest  in  the  same  to  another 
person,  known  as  the  mortgagee,  such  deed  providing 
if  the  owner  or  mortgagor,  pays  the  mortgagee  a  cer- 
tain debt  described  in  the  deed,  the  deed  will  become 
void. 

TREASURER. 

Q.  For  what  term  is  the  county  treasurer  elected? 
(See  page  87.) 

Q.  Who  is  treasurer  in  your  county  ? 

Q.  What  are  some  of  a  treasurer's  duties  ? 

A.  To  receive  and  take  care  of  all  money  paid  for 
taxes,  and  to  pay  it  out  on  the  order  of  the  county 
board,  or  in  the  manner  specially  provided  by  law. 

To  keep  books  of  his  accounts  as  treasurer,  and  have 
them  always  open  to  the  inspection  of  the  public. 


96  CRAWFORD'S  CIVIL  GOVERNMENT. 

To  report  to  the  county  board  at  each  of  its  regular  ses- 
sions all  sums  of  money  received  and  paid  out  by  him. 

SUPERINTENDENT    OF    SCHOOLS. 

Q.  Name  the  superintendent  of  schools  in  your 
county.  When  was  he  elected?  When  does  his  term 
expire  ? 

Q.   What  are  some  of  his  duties  ? 

A.  To  visit  schools  if  so  directed  by  the  county  board, 
notice  the  manner  of  teaching,  branches  taught,  text 
books  used,  and  the  general  condition  of  schools.  To 
instruct  teachers  in  the  best  methods  of  teaching.  To 
hold  county  teachers'- institutes.  To  hold  examination 
tor  teachers'  license  at  least  once  every  three  months. 
To  decide  disputes  on  questions  of  school  law.  To  divide 
the  money  received  from  the  State  among  the  townships 
in  proportion  to  the  children  under  twenty-one  years  of 
age  in  each  township.  To  examine  and  approve  the  bonds 
and  books  and  accounts  of  township  school  treasurers  be- 
fore issuing  money  to  them.  To  remove  from  office 
directors  who  do  not  perform  their  duties  properly,  and 
to  order  new  elections  to  fill  such  vacancies.  To  visit 
each  school  in  the  county,  at  least  once  a  year.  To  re- 
port to  the  State  superintendent  whatever  facts  the  latter 
needs  for  his  report  to  the  governor. 

THE  DEPARTMENTS  OF  COUNTY  GOVERNMENT. 

Q.  What  departments  has  county  government  ? 

A.  The  same  as  town  government ;  namely,  legisla- 
tive, executive  and  judicial. 

Q.  Explain  each  ? 

A.  The  county  board  is  the  legislative  or  law-making 
department.  It  adopts  measures  for  the  benefit  of  the 
whole  county,  such  as  those  for  the  erection  of  county 
buildings,  for  the  care  of  the  county's  paupers,  and  so 
forth- 


THE   COUNTY.  97 

The  county  clerk,  treasurer,  recorder,  superintendent 
of  schools,  form  the  executive  department.  They  exe- 
cute the  laws  made  by  the  county  board  (and  State 
legislature).  The  committees  of  the  county  board,  act- 
ing as  committees,  also  perform  executive  duties  ;  that 
is,  they  carry  into  effect  the  measures  or  laws  passed  by 
the  whole  board. 

The  judicial  department  consists  of  the  county  judge, 
sheriff,  State's  attorney,  coroner,  and  county  clerk  when 
he  acts  as  clerk  of  the  county  court.  It  is  the  duty  of 
these  officers  to  enforce  obedience  to  the  laws  made  by 
the  county  board  and  the  State  legislature.  The  circuit 
clerk  is  not,  strictly  speaking,  a  member  of  either  de- 
partment of  the  county  government,  although  he  is 
elected  by  the  county.  He  is  an  officer  of  the  circuit 
court,  which  will  be  described  hereafter. 

Q.  State  the  relation  of  the  three  departments  ? 

A.  The  legislative  department,  by  a  vote  of  a  majority 
of  its  members,  commands  that  certain  things  be  done. 
The  executive  officers  do  the  things  commanded,  or 
cause  them  to  be  done. 

If  these  officers  are  resisted  or  hindered  in  their  du- 
ties, the  judicial  officers  help  them  by  punishing  the 
persons  resisting  or  hindering. 

COUNTIES  NOT  UNDER  TOWNSHIP  ORGANIZATION. 

Q.  AVh'at  can  you  say  of  county  government  in  coun- 
ties not  under  township  organization  ? 

A.  The  county  board  consists  of  three  commissioners, 
elected  for  a  term  of  three  years.  They  have  nearly  all 
the  powers  of  county  supervisors,  and  have,  besides,  the 
powers  of  all  town  officers,  except  school  officers. 
They  hold  five  regular  meetings  a  year.  The  other 
officers  of  such  counties  are  the  same  as  in  counties 


98  CRAWFORD'S  CIVIL  GOVERNMENT. 

under  township  organization,  and  they  have  the  same 
duties  to  perform,  except  that  the  sheriff  acts  also  as 
county  collector. 

COMPENSATION— BONDS— OATH. 

Q.  How  is  the  pay  of  officers  in  all  kinds  of  counties 
determined  ? 

A.  The  county  boards  fix  the  amount  of  compensa- 
tion of  each  officer. 

Q.  What  must  officers  do  before  entering  on  the  duties 
of  their  offices? 

A.  Such  officers  as  have  public  money  committed  to 
their  care  must  give  bonds  for  their  good  behavior  and 
faithfulness  in  office,  a]Rl  .all  must  take  an  oath  that  they 
will  support  the  cons'tftn^on  of  the  United  States  and 
the  constitution  of  Illinois,  and  will  faithfully  perform 
the  duties  of  their  offices. 


IV.     THE  STATE. 

THE  LEGISLATURE. 

Q.  In  treating  of  the  government  of  the  town  and  of 
the  county,  which  department  was  described  first  ? 

A.  The  legislative  or  law-making. 

Q.  Pursuing  the  same  plan  with  the  State,  what  is  our 
next  topic  ? 

A.  The  legislature  of  Illinois.  (The  legislature  is  also 
called  the  "general  assembly.") 

Q.  Describe  it,  and  explain  the  election  of  its  mem- 
bers ? 

A.  The  legislature  consists  of  two  parts,  known  as 
the  "  lower  house  "  and  "  upper  house."  Members  of  the 


THE     STATE,  99 

lower  house  are  called  representatives.     Members  of  the 
upper  house  are  called  senators. 

ELECTION  OF  MEMBERS  OF  THE  LEGISLATURE. 

The  State  is  divided  into  fifty-one  parts  called  ' '  sena- 
torial districts,"  Each  of  these  districts  elects  one  sen- 
ator for  a  term  of  four  years,  and  three  representative? 
for  a  term  of  two  years. 

Q.  What  is  "  minority  representation  ?  " 

A.  In  voting  for  representatives,  every  voter  may 
cast  three  votes  for  one  candidate,  or  one  and  a  half  for 
each  of  two,  or  one  vote  for  each  of  three  candidates. 
It*is  called  "  minority  representation  "  because  the  party 
having  a  minority  in  a  district,  by  casting  all  their  votes 
for  one  candidate  may  sometimes  elect  him. 

Q.  How  large  a  part  (at  least)  of  the  whole  number 
of  voters  must  the  minority  be  in  order  to  elect  one 
candidate  ? 

MEETING  OF  THE  LEGISLATURE. 

Q.  How  often  does  the  legislature  meet  ? 

A.  Once  in  two  years,  unless  called  by  the  governor 
to  meet  oftener  in  extra  session. 

Q.  When  does  its  regular  session  begin  ? 

A.  On  Wednesday  after  the  first  Monday  in  January 
following  the  election  of  representatives. 

Q.  Where  does  it  meet  ? 

A.  In  the  capitol  building,  in  Springfield. 

DUTIES  OF  LIEUTENANT-GOVERNOR  AND  SPEAKER. 

Q.  What  officers  preside  over  the  two  houses  ? 

A.  The  lieutenant-governor  presides  over  the  senate, 
an  officer  called  the  "speaker,"  elected  from  their  own 
number  by  the  representatives  at  the  beginning  of  the 
session,  presides  over  the  house  of  representatives. 


CHICAGO 

100  CBAWFORI 

SOCIETY 


Q    What  other  im 


jortant  duty  is 


performed  by  the 


speaker  of  the  house  ? 

A.  He  appoints  the  committees  of  the  house. 

Q.  What  can  you  say  about  committees  of  the  legis- 
lature ? 

A.  A  committee  consists  of  three  or  more  members, 
whose  duty  it  is  to  attend  to  some  particular  subject  of 
legislation.  For  example,  the  committee  on  education 
has  charge  of  all  matters  relating  to  the  public  schools  of 
the  State,  and  it  is  the  duty  of  this  committee  to  advise 
the  legislature  what  to  do  for  the  schools.  The  com- 
mittees advice  to  the  legislature  is  called  its  "report." 

Q.  What  is  the  chief  rule  for  selecting  members  of 
committees  ? 

A.  A  majority  of  each  committee  is  taken  from  the 
political  party  which  has  a  majority  in  the  house  to 
which  the  committee  belongs. 

Q.  Why  is  the  appointment  of  committees  a  very  im- 
portant duty  ? 

A.  Because  nearly  all  the  work  of  a  legislature  is 
done  by  its  committees.  Reports  of  committees  are 
nearly  always  adopted  by  the  legislature  without  mate- 
rial change. 

DUTIES  OP  THE  LEGISLATURE. 

Q.   What  are  the  duties  of  the  whole  legislature  ? 

A.  To  levy  such  taxes,  make  such  appropriations,  and 
enact  such  laws  as  are  ecessary  for  the  welfare  of  the 
State.  To  impeach  State  officers;  that  is,  to  arraign  and 
try  them  and  deprive  them  of  office  for  misconduct  in 
office. 

Q.  What  is  an  appropriation  ? 

A.  A  sum  of  money  directed  by  the  legislature  to  be 
used  for  a  certain  purpose;  as,  for  the  support  of  the 


THE     STATE.  101 

asylum  for  the  insane,  or  the  penitentiary,  or  the  State 
normal  schools. 

Q.  What  counties  compose  the  senatorial  district  in 
Avhich  you  hve^  (See  page  126.) 

Who  is  senator  from  your  district  ?  Who  are  repre- 
sentatives ? 

THE  EXECUTIVE  DEPARTMENT. 

Q.  What  officers  constitute  the  executive  department 
of  Illinois  ? 

A.  Governor,  lieutenant-governor,  secretary  of  State, 
auditor,  treasurer,  superintendent  of  public  instruction, 
and  attorney -general. 

Q.  For  what  terms  are  they  elected  ? 

A.  The  treasurer  for  two  years,  the  others  for  four 
years. 

The  constitution  declares  that  the  treasurer  shall  not 
serve  two  consecutive  terms.  Why  ?  • 

Q.  Before  entering  on  their  duties  what  must  they  do  ? 

A.  Take  the  oath  of  office  by  swearing  to  support  the 
constitutions  of  Illinois  and  the  United  States,  and  to 
perform  faithfully  the  duties  of  their  offices.  All  other 
State  officers  take  the  same  oath. 

THE  GOVERNOR. 

Q.  What  are  the  duties  and  powers  of  the  governor  ? 

A.  To  see  that  the  laws  made  by  the  legislature  are 
executed. 

To  send  to  the  legislature,  when  it  meets,  a  message, 
giving  an  account  of  the  condition  of  the  State  and  its 
wants  ;  recommending  the  levying  of  sufficient  tax  to 
defray  the  expenses  of  the  State  government ;  and 
specifying  what  new  laws  he  thinks  ought  to  be 
enacted,  and  what  old  laws  repealed.  To  approve  bills 


102  CRAWFORD'S  CIVIL  GOVERNMENT. 

passed  by  the  legislature  if  he  wishes  them  to  become 
laws. 

The  governor  has  power  to  reprieve  criminals  con- 
demned to  death,  and  to  pardon  those  imprisoned  in  the 
penitentiary. 

He  is  commander-in-chief  of  the  State  militia  when  it 
is  not  in  the  service  of  the  United  States. 

He  appoints,  with  the  consent  of  the  senate,  certain 
State  officers. 

He  may  veto  a  bill  passed  by  the  legislature. 

Q.  Can  a  bill  become  a  law  if  it  is  vetoed  by  the 
governor  ? 

A.  Yes,  if  it  is  afterwards  passed  by  a  majority  of 
two-thirds  of  both  houses. 

Q.  Can  a  bill  become  a  law  in  any  other  way  without 
the  governor's  approval  ? 

A.  Yes.  If  the  governor  does  not  return  a  bill  to  the 
house  in  which  it  originated  within  ten  days  from  the 
time  when  he  received  it ;  or,  if  the  legislature  prevents 
his  returning  the  bill  by  adjourning,  and  if  he  does  not 
thereupon  file  the  bill  with  his  objections  in  the  office  of 
the  secretary  of  State  within  ten  days  after  adjournment, 
the  bill  will  become  a  law. 

Q.  What  compensation  does  the  governor  receive  ? 

A.  $6,000  per  year,  with  the  use  of  the  executive 
mansion. 

WHO  SUCCEEDS  IF  THE  GOVERNOR'S  OFFICE 
BECOMES  VACANT. 

Q.  Who  succeeds  to  the  office  of  governor  if  it  be- 
comes vacant  before  the  end  of  a  term  ? 
A.  The  lieutenant-governor. 
Q.  What  is  the  lieutenant-governor's  salary  ? 
A.  $1,000  per  year. 


THE    STATE.  103 

Q.  Who  would  succeed  the  lieutenant-governor  if  he 
should  vacate  the  governor's  office  ? 

A.  The  president  pro  tern,  of  the  senate.  (The  presi- 
dent pro  tern,  is  a  member  of  the  senate  elected  to  pre- 
side in  the  absence  of  the  lieutenant-governor.) 

Q.  Who  would  succeed  the  president  of  the  senate  ? 

A.  The  speaker  of  the  house. 

SECRETARY  OF  STATE. 

Q.  What  are  the  principal  duties  of  the  secretary  of 
State  ? 

A.  To  call  the  house  of  representatives  to  order,  and 
preside  till  a  temporary  chairman  is  elected.  (The  latter 
presides  while  the  house  votes  for  speaker.) 

To  safely  keep  all  public  acts,  laws,  and  resolutions  of 
the  legislature. 

To  care  for  public  property  in  the  capital. 

To  certify  to  the  correctness  of  laws  when  they  are 
published. 

To  take  care  of  the  seal  of  State. 

To  issue  registration  blanks  to  judges  of  election  pre- 
vious to  every  general  election. 

To  issue  charters  to  corporations. 

To  have  charge  of  the  public  standards  of  weights 
and  measures. 

To  report  biennially  to  the  governor  the  business  of 
his  office. 

Q.  What  security  must  the  secretary  give  for  the 
faithful  performance  of  his  duties  ? 

A.  He  must  give  a  bond  for  $100,000. 

Q.  What  is  his  salary  ? 

A.  $3,500  per  year. 


104  CRAWFORD'S  CIVIL  GOVERNMENT. 

AUDITOR. 

Q.  What  are  the  chief  duties  of  auditor  ? 

A.  To  examine  all  bills  presented  for  payment  out  of 
the  State  treasury,  and  to  approve  such  as  are  legal. 

To  keep  an  account  of  all  bills  due  the  State,  and  all 
sums  of  money  paid  into  the  State  treasury. 

To  ascertain  the  condition  of  all  insurance  companies 
doing  business  in  the  State;  learning  whether  they  have 
means  sufficient  to  keep  the  promises  that  they  have 
made  to  those  whose  lives  or  property  they  have  insured; 
and  if  any  have  not,  to  revoke  their  certificates,  or  to  in- 
form the  attorney-general,  who  will  then  ask  a  court  to 
have  such  companies  stopped  from  doing  any  further 
business  in  the  State. 

To  aid  the  governor  and  treasurer  in  computing  the 
rate  per  cent,  of  taxation  necessary  to  raise  the  annual 
revenue  Hxed  by  the  legislature. 

To  report  biennially  to  the  governor  the  transactions 
of  his  office. 

Q.  What  security  must  the  auditor  give  ? 

A.  A  bond  for  $50,000. 

Q.  What  is  his  salary  ? 

A.  $3,500  a  year. 

TREASURER. 

Q.  What  are  the  principal  duties  ot  the  treasurer  ? 

A.  To  receive  and  safely  keep  all  money  belonging  to 
the  State. 

To  pay  out  no  money  except  on  the  order  of  the  au- 
ditor. 

To  report  monthly  to  the  auditor  all  sums  of  money 
received  and  paid  out. 

To  report  biennially  to  the  governor  all  his  official 
acts. 


THE    STATE.  103 


a 


Qo  What  security  must  the  treasurer  give  for  the 
faithful  performance  of  his  duty? 

A.  A  bond  for  $500,000,  and  more,  if  the  governor 
so  requires.  His  salary  is  $3,500  per  year. 

SUPERINTENDENT  OF  PUBLIC  INSTRUCTION. 

Q.  What  are  some  of  the  duties  of  the  superintendent 
of  public  instruction  ? 

A.  To  consult  with  leading  teachers  on  methods  of 
instruction.  To  advise  and  instruct  county  superintend- 
ents in  respect  to  their  duties.  To  give  opinions  on 
school  laws  when  properly  requested.  To  pay  promptly 
to  the  proper  officers  all  money  coming  into  his  hands  as 
superintendent.  To  stop  the  payment  of  money  to  offi- 
cers or  teachers  who  refuse  to  conform  to  the  require- 
ments of  law.  To  report  biennially  to  the  -g6vernor, 
stating  what  has  been  done  for  the  benefit  of  the  schools 
of  the  State,  in  what  ways  their  condition  may  be 
improved,  and  what  changes  should  be  made  in  the 
school  laws.  The  superintendent  must  give  a  bond  for 
$25,000.  His  salary  is  $3,500  per  year. 

ATTORNEY-GENERAL. 

Q.  What  are  some  of  the  duties  of  the  attorney-gen 
eral  ? 

A.  To  act  as  attorney  for  the  people  or  the  State  in 
suits  before  the  supreme  court.  To  act  as  attorney  for 
the  State  officers  in  suits  relating  to  their  official  duties. 
To  advise  State  officers  on  questions  of  State  constitu- 
tional law,  when  such  law  relates  to  their  duties.  To 
advise  the  legislature  concerning  constitutional  ques- 
tions when  requested.  To  see  that  sums  of  money  in- 
tended for  State  institutions  are  used  as  intended.  The 
attorney-general's  bond  is  for  $10,000.  His  salary  is 
$3,500  a  year. 


106  CRAWFORD'S  CIVIL  GOVERNMENT. 

RETURNING  BOARD. 

Q.  Who  constitute  the  State  returning  board  ? 

A.  The  secretary  of  State,  auditor,  treasurer,  and 
attorney-general. 

Q.  What  is  the  duty  of  the  returning  board  ? 

A.  After  every  general  election,  to  count  the  votes 
returned  to  them  by  the  county  clerks. 

STATE    BOARD    OF   EQUALIZATION. 

The  State  board  of  equalization  consists  of  one  mem- 
ber from  each  congressional  district  in  the  State.  The 
term  is  four  years.  The  board  meets  on  the  second 
Tuesday  in  August,  annually,  at  Springfield,  to  equalize 
assessments  in  the  various  counties  of  the  State.  Its 
members  receive  $5.00  per  day  for  time  actually  spent 
about  their  duties,  and  1-0  cents  per  mile  of  necessary 
travel  in  going  to  and  returning  from  the  capital. 

STATE    BOARD    OF    AGRICULTURE. 

The  State  board  of  agriculture  consists  of  a  president, 
and  one  vice-president  from  each  congressional  district 
in  the  State,  and  of  the  last  ex-president  of  the  board. 
The  board  is  elected  biennially,  on  Wednesday  of  the 
State  fair  week,  on  the  State  fair  grounds,  by  a  conven- 
tion consisting  of  two  or  three  delegates  from  each 
county  in  the  State,  who  have  power  to  cast  three  votes 
for  their  county.  These  delegates  are  chosen  by  the 
agricultural  societies  in  the  respective  counties,  or,  in 
counties  where  no  such  societies  exist,  by  the  county 
board.  The  State  board  of  agriculture  has  control  of 
the  department  of  agriculture,  and  of  the  State  fairs  and 
stock  shows. 


THE    STATE.  107 

APPOINTED  OFFICERS. 

OFFICERS  APPOINTED  BY  GOVERNOR  WITH  CONSENT 
OF  SENATE. 

Q.  What  State  officers  are  appointed  by  the  governor 
with  the  consent  of  the  senate  ? 

A.  Three  canal  commissioners,  five  commissioners  of 
public  charities,  three  penitentiary  commissioners  for 
each  penitentiary,  nineteen  justices  of  the  peace  for  the 
city  of  Chicago,  the  seven  members  composing  the  State 
board  of  health,  chief  grain  inspectors,  notaries  public, 
three  railway  and  warehouse  commissioners,  three  trus- 
tees for  each  of  the  State  charitable  institutions,  and 
three  for  the  State  reform  school,  one  person  at  the 
stock  yards  near  Chicago,  one  at  Peoria,  and  one  at 
those  in  East  St.  Louis,  to  prevent  cruelty  to  animals, 
and  one  public  administrator  in  each  county. 

COMMISSION  OF  CLAIMS. 

The  commission  of  claims  consists  of  three  persons 
learned  in  law,  selected  from  at  least  two  political  parties, 
appointed  by  the  Governor  with  the  consent  of  the  senate, 
and  holding  office  four  years.  The  commission  meets 
at  the  Capitol  on  the  first  Monday  in  August  each  year. 
It  sits  as  a  court  to  try  claims  against  the  State  and  the 
State  institutions,  and  certain  other  claims.  Its  mem- 
bers receive  $15.00  per  day  for  a  session  of  not  exceed- 
ing ninety  days  in  each  year. 

OFFICERS  APPOINTED  BY  GOVERNOR  ALONE. 

Q.  What  other  officers  are  appointed  by  the  governor? 

A.  Commissioner  of  deeds,  printer  expert,  adjutant 

general,  and  all  commissioned  officers  of  the  State  militia. 


108  CRAWFORD'S  CIVIL  GOVERNMENT. 

DUTIES  OF  OFFICERS  APPOINTED  BY  GOVERNOR 
WITH  CONSENT  OF  SENATE. 

Q.  State  the  duties,  terms  of  office,  and  pay  of  each 
of  the  above  officers. 

A.  The  canal  commissioners  have  charge  of  the 
Illinois  and  Michigan  canal,  and  of  the  locks,  dams  and 
improvements  in  navigation  of  the  Illinois  and  Little 
Wabash  rivers.  Their  term  is  two  years.  Their  pay  is 
$5  per  day  for  the  time  actually  employed.  They  must 
each,  except  the  treasurer  of  the  board,  give  bonds  for 
$25,000.  The  commissioner  who  acts  as  treasurer  must 
give  bonds  for  $50,000. 

It  is  the  duty  of  commissioners  of  public  charities  to 
visit,  at  least  twice  a  year,  the  State  asylums  for  the  deaf 
and  dumb,  the  blind,  the  insane,  and  tlje  school  for 
feeble-minded  children,  the  soldiers'  orphans'  home,  and 
the  State  reform  school,  and  to  see  that  these  institutions 
are  properly  conducted.  Their  term  is  five  years.  They 
receive  no  pay,  but  their  expenses  are  repaid  to  them  by 
the  State. 

The  Chicago  justices  of  the  peace  perform  the  same 
duties  as  other  justices,  and  derive  their  pay  from  fees 
regulated  by  law.  They  hold  office  for  a  term  of  four  years. 

The  penitentiary  commissioners  have  power  to  appoint 
a  warden  for  the  penitentiary  at  a  salary  of  $2,500,  a 
deputy  warden  at  $1,800,  a  chaplain  at  $1,500,  a  physi- 
cian at  $1,500  per  year,  and,  with  the  advice  of  the 
warden,  such  other  officers  as  may  be  necessary,  at  sal- 
aries fixed  by  the  commissioners. 

It  is  the  duty  of  the  commissioners  to  care  for  the 
penitentiary,  and  to  this  end  to  meet  at  the  penitentiary 
once  every  month,  and  to  receive  reports  from  the  war- 
den and  other  officers.  They  are  required  to  report  bi- 
ennially to  the  governor. 


THE    STATE.  109 

Their  term  is  six  years.  They  must  give  bonds  for 
$25,000.  Their  salary  is  $1,500  per  year. 

One  of  the  most  important  duties  of  the  State  board 
of  health  is  to  prevent  the  introduction  of  contagious 
diseases  into  the  State.  The  members  receive  no  pay, 
except  for  expenses.  They  may  appoint  a  secretary  at 
a  salary  fixed  by  themselves,  but  his  salary  and  their 
expenses  together  must  not  exceed  $5,000  per  year. 
Their  term  is  seven  years. 

It  is  the  duty  of  the  railway  and  warehouse  commis- 
sioners to  examine  the  condition  and  management  of  all 
railways  and  warehouses  in  the  State,  and  all  matters 
relating  to  railways  and  warehouses  as  far  as  they  affect 
the  Avelfare  of  the  people  ;  and  to  report  annually  to  the 
governor,  informing  him  whether  warehouses  and  rail- 

O  C3 

ways  are  observing  the  laws  of  the  State  made  for  their 
regulation.  The  commissioners  must  give  bonds  for 
$20,000.  Their  salary  is  $3,500.  Their  term  is  two 
years.  They  can  appoint  a  secretary  at  a  salary  of 
$1,500  per  year. 

Chief  grain  inspectors  have  charge  of  the  inspection 
of  grain  in  warehouses,  obey  the  instructions  of  the  rail- 
way commissioners,  and  receive  salaries  fixed  by  them. 
Their  term  is  two  years. 

In  all  cities  where  there  is  State  inspection  of  grain, 
the  railway  and  warehouse  commissioners  appoint  a 
State  weigh-'inaster  and  such  assistants  as  may  be  neces- 
sary, whose  duty  it  is  to  inspect  scales,  and  supervise 
the  weighing  of  grain  or  other  property. 

The  trustees  of  the  State  charitable  and  correctional 

'institutions  have  power,  and  it  is  their  duty,  to  appoint 

a  superintendent  for  each  institution,  and  to  make  rules 

for  the  government  of  the  same.     They  receive  no  pay 

except  for  their  expenses.     Their  term  is  six  years. 


110  CRAWFORD'S  CIVIL  GOVERNMENT. 

The  duty  of  the  officers  appointed  to  prevent  cruelty  to 
animals  has  been  stated  above.  They  hold  office  two 
years,  and  receive  $1,200  a  year. 

One  public  administrator  is  appointed  in  each  county, 
whose  duty  it  is  to  settle  the  estate  of  any  person  who 
dies  in  the  county  and  leaves  property,  but  no  heirs  or 
creditors. 

Notaries  public  have  authority  to  administer  oaths, 
take  acknowledgment  of  legal  instruments,  such  as 
deeds  and  mortgages,  and  to  do  some  other  acts,  such  as 
writing  down  the  evidence  of  witnesses,  called  "taking 
depositions."  These  depositions  have  the  same  effect 
when  read  in  court  as  evidence  taken  in  court. 

DUTIES  OF  OFFICERS  APPOINTED  BY  GOVERNOR 
ALONE. 

Commissioners  of  deeds  are  officers  appointed  by  th»^ 
governor  of  this  State,  but  residing  in  other  States. 
They  have  authority  to  do  about  the  same  acts  as  are 
done  by  notaries  public,  which  acts  are  of  binding  force 
in  Illinois,  though  done  in  other  States.  All  the  above 
officers  are  paid  in  fees  fixed  by  law. 

The  printer  expert  is  a  man  of  at  least  six  years'  ex- 
perience as  a  practical  printer,  whose  duty  it  is  to 
examine  the  State  contracts  for  printing,  to  see  that  the 
State  is  not  cheated.  His  pay  is  $6  per  day  for  the  time 
actually  spent  about  his  duties. 

i  The  adjutant-general  is  the  officer  through  whom  the 
governor,  as  commander-in-chief  of  the  State  militia, 
issues  his  orders  to  the  militia.  The  adjutant-general 
receives  $1,500  per  year. 

Q.  What  is  the  acknowledgment  of  a  deed  ? 

A.  It  is  the  act  of  the  person  who  signed  the  deed,  in 


THE   STATE.  Ill 

going  before  a  notary  public  or  other  officer  and  declar- 
ing that  he  signed  the  deed. 

STATE  MILITIA. 

Q.  What  is  the  State  militia  ? 

A.  All  able-bodied  men  between  eighteen  and  forty- 
five  years  of  age  are  liable  to  be  called  upon  to  serve  as 
soldiers.  These  constitute  the  State  militia.  This  term 
is  usually  applied  only  to  those  who  voluntarily  form 
themselves  into  companies  and  regiments  and  receive 
arms  from  the  State. 

JUDICIAL  DEPARTMENT. 
CIRCUIT  COURTS. 

Q.  What  is  the  judicial  department  of  a  State  ? 

A.  The  judicial  department  of  a  State  consists  of 
those  officers  whose  duty  it  is  to  explain  and  apply  the 
laws  of  the  State. 

Q.  Have  we  learned  that  the  subdivisions  of  the  State 
have  judicial  departments  ? 

A.  Yes.  Towns  and  precincts  have  justices  of  the 
peace  and  constables.  Counties  have  county  judges, 
clerks,  sheriffs,  and  State's  attorneys. 

Q.  What  court  is  next  above  the  county  court  ? 

A.  The  circuit  court. 

Q.  What  can  you  say  about  the  circuit  courts  of  Il- 
linois ? 

A.  The  counties  of  the  State,  Cook  county  being  ex- 
cepted,  are  arranged  by  the  legislature  in  thirteen  divi- 
sions, called  circuits.  Cook  county  alone  constitutes  a 
circuit. 

CIRCUIT  COURT  OFFICERS. 

In  each  circuit,  except  Cook  County,  three  judges  are 
elected  once  in  six  years.  Two  of  these  act  as  circuit 


112  CRAWFORD'S  CIVIL  GOVERNMENT. 

judges.  The  third  acts  as  one  of  the  judges  of  the  ap- 
pellate courts.  Court  is  held  at  least  one  term  in  a 
year  in  each  county  of  the  circuit.  The  number  of 
judges  in  Cook  County,  at  any  given  time,  depends  on 
the  population  of  the  county,  and  is  fixed  by  act  of  the 
legislature. 

Q.  Who  are  the  other  officers  of  the  circuit  courts  ? 

A.  The  sheriffs  and  circuit  clerks  and  their  assistants, 
and  masters-in-chancery  in  their  respective  counties. 

Q.  Who  else  assist  the  judge  in  the  performance  of 
his  duties  ? 

A.  The  petit  and  grand  juries. 

Q'  What  jurisdiction  have  circuit  courts  ? 

A.  They  have  original  jurisdiction  in  all  criminal 
offences  against  the  laws  of  Illinois,  and  in  all  civil  dis- 
putes between  citizens  of  the  State.  They  have  appel- 
late jurisdiction  in  cases  tried  before  justices  of  the 
peace  and  the  county  court. 

Q.  What  are  criminal  offenses  and  civil  disputes  ? 
(See  pages  83  and  84.) 

APPELLATE  COURTS. 

Q.  What  are  the  courts  next  above  the  circuit  courts  ? 

A.  The  appellate  courts. 

Q.  Describe  these  ? 

A.  The  State  is  divided  into  four  apppellate  court  dis- 
tricts. Each  district  has  three  judges.  These  are  ap- 
pointed by  the  supreme  court  from  the  judges  elected  in 
the  circuits.  Each  district  has  a  clerk,  elected  for  a  term 
of  six  years.  The  sheriff  of  the  county  in  which  the 
court  is  held  must  attend  the  sessions  of  the  court  or  ap- 
point a  deputy  to  do  so. 

Q.  What  kinds  of  cases  can  be  taken  to  the  appellate 
courts  ? 

A.  Nearly  all  kinds  of  cases,   except  criminal  cases 


THE   STATE.  113 

called  "felonies,"  may  be  taken  by  appeal  to  the  appel- 
late courts.  Cases  of  felony  and  a  few  other  cases  must 
be  appealed  directly  to  the  supreme  court. 

Q.  What  about  the  decisions  of  appellate  courts  ? 

A.  In  all  cases  where  less  than  $1,000  is  in  dispute 
their  decisions  are  final.  If  the  sum  in  dispute  is  $1,000 
or  more,  an  appeal  may  be  taken  from  the  appellate  to 
the  supreme  court. 

THE  SUPREME  COURT. 

Q.  What  can  you  say  of  the  supreme  court  ? 

A.  The  State  is  divided  into  three  grand  divisions  for 
the  purpose  of  holding  terms  of  the  supreme  court. 
The  court  consists  of  seven  judges,  elected  for  a  term  of 
nine  years.  The  State  is  divided  into  seven  districts  for 
the  election  of  these  judges,  each  district  electing  one. 
Each  of  the  three  grand  divisions  elects  a  clerk  for  a 
term  of  six  years. 

Q.  What  jurisdiction  has  the  supreme  court? 

A.  It  has  original  jurisdiction  in  cases  relating  to  the 
revenues  of  the  State  and  in  respect  to  two  or  three 
other  matters,  and  appellate  jurisdiction  in  civil  cases  in- 
volving $1,000  or  more,  and  in  criminal  cases  amounting 
to  felony.  Its  decisions  are  final,  except  in  cases  .of 
conflict  between  Illinois  law  and  United  States  law.  In 
such  cases  appeal  can  be  taken  to  the  supreme  court  of 
the  United  States. 

PAY   OF  OFFICERS  OF   THE   JUDICIAL   DEPARTMENT. 

Q.  What  are  the  salaries  of  the  officers  of  the  above 
courts  ? 

A.  Circuit  judges  receive  $3,500  per  year,  except  in 
Cook  county,  where  they  receive  $7,000.  Circuit  clerks 
receive  salaries  fixed  by  the  county  boards.  Appellate 
judges  receive  the  same  pay  as  circuit  judges.  Judges 


114  CRAWFORD'S  CIVIL  GOVERNMENT. 

of  the  supreme  court  receive  $5,000  per  year.  Appel- 
late and  supreme  court  clerks  and  masters-in-chancery 
receive  their  pay  in  fees  regulated  by  law. 

All  these  officers  must  take  the  usual  official  oath,  and 
the  clerks  must  give  bonds. 


V.     CITIES. 

THEIR   GOVERNMENT. 

Q.  What  other  political  units  are  there  in  Illinois  be- 
sides towns,  townships,  and  counties  ? 

A.  Cities  and  villages. 

Q.  How  many  kinds  of  cities  are  there  ? 

A.  Two. 

Q.  State  the  difference  between  them  ? 

A.  One  is  organized  and  governed  according  to  a 
general  law  made  by  the  legislature  for  the  benefit  of 
such  cities  as  may  vote  to  organize  under  it. 

The  other  is  organized  and  governed  in  accordance 
with  a  special  charter  granted  to  it  by  the  legislature. 

Q.  What  is  a  charter  \ 

A.  It  is  a  grant  of  certain  privileges,  and  is,  besides, 
intended  for  the  government  of  the  corporation  to  which 
these  privileges  are  given. 

OFFICERS  AND  THEIR  DUTIES. 

Q.  Describe  the  government  of  the  first  kind  of  cities  ? 

A.  Its  legislative  department  consists  of  a  body  called 
the  common  council.  The  city  is  divided  into  a  certain 
number  of  parts  called  "wards."  Each  of  these  elects 
two  members  of  the  council  for  a  term  of  two  years. 

The  chief  executive  officer  is  a  mayor,  elected  for  a 
term  of  two  years, 


CITIES.  115 

Other  officers  elected  by  the  people  are  clerk,  attorney, 
treasurer,  police  magistrate,  and  sometimes  city  judge. 

Besides  these,  the  council  may  provide  for  the  election 
by  the  people,  or  the  appointment  by  the  mayor,  with 
the  consent  of  the  council,  of  a  collector,  marshal, 
or  superintendent  of  police,  superintendent  of  streets, 
corporation  counsel,  and  such  other  officers  as  the  coun- 
cil may  deem  necessary. 

Q.  What  are  the  council's  duties? 

A.  To  enact  such  ordinances  and  levy  such  taxes  as  are 
necessary  for  the  city's  welfare. 

'  To  approve  or  reject  the  mayor's  appointments  of  city 
officers. 

To  take  some  action  on  the  mayor's  suggestions. 

To  receive  petitions  of  citizens. 

Q.  What  is  an  ordinance  ? 

A.  A  law  passed  by  a  city  council. 

Q.  What  are  the  mayor's  duties  ? 

A.  To  preside  at  the  meetings  of  the  council. 

To  see  that  the  measures  passed  by  the  council  are 
executed. 

To  appoint,  with  the  council's  consent,  certain  officers. 

He  may  veto  measures  passed  by  the  council,  but  if 
the  council  afterward  pass  the  same  by  a  two-thirds 
majority,  they  become  laws. 

Q.  State  the  principal  duties  of  the  other  city  officers. 

A.  The  clerk  keeps  a  record  of  the  acts  of  the  coun- 
cil. 

The  marshal  has  command  of  the  policemen,  and  with 
them  preserves  public  order,  by  arresting  and  putting  in 
jail  all  disorderly  persons. 

The  superintendent  of  streets  keeps  the  streets  and 
sidewalks  in  repair. 

The  comptroller  prevents  the  city  from  being  robbed 


116  CRAWFORD'S  CIVIL  GOVERNMENT. 

by  its  officers,  by  examining  the  accounts  of  all  officers 
who  collect,  pay  out,  or  receive  any  of  the  city's  money. 

The  corporation  counsel  is  the  chief  officer  of  the  law 
department  of  the  city. 

The  police  magistrate's  duties  are  the  same  as  those 
of  a  justice  of  the  peace.  (See  page  83.) 

The  attorney,  treasurer  and  collector  perform  about 
the  same  duties  for  the  city  as  the  corresponding  officers 
do  for  the  county. 

Q.  "What  can  you  say  about  the  pay  of  city  officers  ? 

A.  It  is  fixed  by  the  council. 

Q.  What  can  you  say  of  the  government  of  cities 
under  special  charters  ? 

A.  As  each  has  its  own  charter,  no  two  such  cities 
are  governed  exactly  alike,  but  all  are  more  or  less  simi- 
lar in  their  government  to  cities  organized  under  the 
general  law. 


VI.     VILLAGES. 

Q.  What  can  you  say  of  the  government  of  villages  ? 

A.  Under  a  general  law  of  the  State,  villages  as  well 
as  cities  may  organize  and  have  a  government  separate 
from  that  of  the  township  in  which  they  are  located. 

Such  village  government  consists  of  a  president  of  the 
village,  elected  annually,  a  board  of  six  trustees,  three 
of  whom  are  elected  annually,  and  such  officers  as  the 
trustees  may  appoint. 

The  president  and  board  have  about  the  same  powers 
and  duties  as  mayor  and  council  have  in  cities. 


GOVERNMENT  ..OF   THE'  UN 


VII.    GOVERNMENT   OF    THE   UNITED 
STATES. 

CONGRESS. 

Q.  What  is  the  legislature  or  law-making  body  of  the 
United  States  called  ? 

A.  It  is  called  Congress. 

Q.  Tell  about  its  meetings  ? 

A.  It  holds  one  regular  session  a  year,  and  extra  ses- 
sions when  called  by  the  president.  It  meets  in  regular 
session,  in  Washington,  on  the  first  Monday  in  Decem- 
ber. 

Q.  Describe  Congress,  artd  tell  how  its  members  are 
chosen  ? 

A.  It  consists  of  two  houses,  the  senate  and  the  house 
of  representatives. 

Each  State  is  entitled  to  two  senators.  Senators  are 
elected  by  the  State  legislatures  for  a  term  of  six  years. 

The  number  of  representatives  that  a  State  is  entitled 
to  depends  on  its  population. 

Once  in  ten  years,  that  is,  after  each  census,  congress 
fixes  the  total  number  of  members  that  the  house  of 
representatives  shall  have  during  the  next  ten  years. 
Let  the  whole  population  of  the  United  States  be  a  divi- 
dend, and  the  number  of  representatives  a  divisor  ;  the 
quotient  will  be  the  number  of  persons  entitled  to  one 
representative. 

Divide  the  population  of  a  State  by  this  quotient  aad 
the  number  of  representatives  t&e.^State  is  entitled  to 
will  be  obtained.  ' 


118  CRAWFORD'S  CIVIL  GOVERNMENT. 

The  legislature  divides  the  State  into  districts  equal  in 
number  to  the  representatives  the  State  is  entitled  to. 
One  representative  is  elected  from  each  district  every 
two  years. 

Q.  Who  presides  over  the  senate  ? 

A.  The  vice-president. 

Q.  How  does  the  house  ot  representatives  organize 
for  business? 

A.  By  the  election  of  a  speaker,  whose  business  it  is 
to  preside  and  appoint  the  house  committees. 

Q.  What  are  the  powers  and  duties  of  congress  ? 

(See  U.  S.  Constitution,  Article  I.,  Section  8.) 

Q.  What  is  the  salary  of  senators  and  representa- 
tives ? 

A.  $5, 000  per  year. 

Q.  Who  are  the  present  senators  from  Illinois? 

In  what  congressional  district  do  you  live  ?  (See 
page  124.) 

What  counties  comprise  your  district  ? 

Who  is  its  present  representative  in  congress  ? 

When  was  he  elected  ? 

Who  were  the  opposing  candidates  ? 

Who  is  the  present  speaker  of  the  house  or  representa- 
tives ? 

How  many  congressional  districts  are  there  in  Illinois  ? 
(See  page  125. ) 

Of  how  many  members  does  the  house  of  representa- 
tives now  consist? 
N  A.  356. 

Q.  Do  territories  have  any  representatives  in  con- 
gress ? 

A.  Each  territory  is  entitled  to  one  delegate  in  the 


GOVERNMENT  OP  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

house,  who  has  the  right  to  speak  on  questions  relating 
to  his  territory,  but  can  not  vote  on  any  question. 

EXECUTIVE  DEPARTMENT. 

Q.  Who  constitute  the  executive  department  of  the 
government  of  the  United  States  ? 

A.  The  president,  vice  president  and  cabinet  officers 

Q.    How  are  the  first  two  elected  ? 

(See  Article  II.,  Section  1,  and  the  12th  Amendment 
to  the  U.  S.  Constitution.) 

Q.   What  are  their  salaries  ? 

A.  President,  $50,000;  vice-president,  $8,000  per 
year. 

Q.   Name  the  cabinet  officers  ? 

A.  Secretary  of  State,  secretary  of  the  treasury,  sec- 
retary of  war,  secretary  of  the  navy,  secretary  of  the 
interior,  postmaster  -  general,  attorney -general,  and 
commissioner  of  agriculture. 

Q.  What  general  duties   do  cabinet  officers  perform  ? 

A.  They  advise  the  president,  and  assist  him  in 
executing  the  laws  made  by  congress. 

Q.  What  are  the  president's  duties  ? 

(See  U.  S.  Constitution,  Article  II.,  Sections  2  and  3.) 

Q.  What  are  the  special  duties  of  the  secretary  of 
State  ? 

A.  To  look  after  the  relations  of  the  United  States 
with  foreign  countries,  and  to  have  charge  of  the  public 
archives. 

Q.  What  are  the  principal  duties  of  the  secretary  of 
the  interior? 

A.  To  attend  to  the  relations  of  Indian  tribes  to  the 
government,  to  superintend  public  lands,  to  issue  pa- 
tents. 


120  CRAWFORD'S  CIVIL  GOVERNMENT 

Q.  What  are  the  special  duties  of  the  other  cabinet 
officers?  (Their  names  indicate  their  duties.) 

Q.  What  is  the  salary  of  a  cabinet  officer  ? 

A.  $8,000  per  year. 

Q.  Name  the  present  president,  vice-president,  and 
cabinet  officers  ? 

When  were  the  first  two  elected  ? 

Who  were  the  opposing  candidates  ? 

Q.  Whom  do  we  mean  when  we  speak  of  the  "  admin- 
istration ? " 

A.  The  president  and  his  cabinet. 

Q.  Is  it  necessary  to  have  the  names  of  candidates  for 
president  and  vice-president  printed  on  a  presidential 
ticket  ? 

(See  12th  Amendment  of  U.  S.  Constitution.) 

Could  the  electors  be  chosen  in  any  other  way  than  by 
a  direct  vote  of  the  people  ? 

Who  succeeds  to  the  presidency  if  it  becomes  vacant  ? 

(See  Article  II.,  Section  1  of  II.  S.  Constitution.) 

The  president  pro  tern,  of  the  senate  would  succeed 
the  vice-president,  and  the  speaker  of  the  house  would 
succeed  the  president  of  the  senate  in  the  presidential 

office. 

JUDICIAL  DEPARTMENT. 

Q.  Describe  the  judicial  department  of  the  United 
States  \ 

A.  It  consists  of  one  supreme  court,  nine  circuit  courts, 
and  sixty-five  district  courts.  The  supreme  court  has 
one  chief  justice  and  eight  associate  justices.  The  cir- 
cuit courts  have  each  one  judge.  There  are  fifty-three 
district  judges.  The  district  courts  have,  besides  judges, 
district  attorneys,  marshals  (who  have  substantially  the 
same  duties  as  sheriffs),  clerks,  and  assistants  of 
each.  All  the  judges  are  appointed  by  the  president, 


GOVERNMENT  OP  THE  UNITED  STATES.  121 

with  the  consent  of  the  senate,  and  hold  office  during 
life  or  good  behavior. 

Q.  What  salaries  do  United  States  judges  receive  ? 

A.  The  chief  justice  receives  a  salary  of  $10,500,  the 
associates,  $10,000  ;  the  circuit  judges,  $6,000  ;  and  the 
district  judges  $3,500  to  $4,500. 

Q.  What  jurisdiction  has  the  supreme  court  ? 

(See Constitution,  Article  III.,  Section  2,  Paragraph  2.) 

Q.  What  are  the  principal  duties  of  circuit  and  dis- 
trict courts  ? 

A.  To  try  offenders  against  the  laws  made  by  con- 
gress, and  to  hear  suits  between  citizens  of  different 
States. 

Q.  Who  is  the  present  chief  justice  ? 

Who  is  the  circuit  judge  in  your  circuit  ? 

Who  is  the  district  judge  in  your  district  ? 

THE  ARMY  AND  NAVY. 

Q.  What  can  you  say  of  the  officers  of  the  army  and 
navy  ? 

A.  They  are  nearly  all  educated  for  their  duties  at  the 
expense  of  the  government  in  the  military  and  naval 
academies  at  West  Point  and  Annapolis.  They  are 
commissioned,  that  is,  appointed  to  their  places,  by  the 

president. 

THE  CIVIL  SERVICE. 

Q.  What  is  the  civil  service  of  the  United  States  ? 

A.  The  "civil  service,"  comprises  all  officers  of  the 
national  government,  who  are  appointed  by  the  presi- 
dent or  his  subordinates,  except  the  officers  of  the  army 
and  the  navy. 

Q.  Name  some  of  the  officers  of  the  civil  service,  and 
give  their  duties  ? 

A.  Ministers.     It  is  the  duty  of  a  minister  to  reside 


122  CRAWFORD'S  CIVIL  GOVERNMENT. 

at  the  capital  of  the  country  to  which  he  is  sent,  to 
protect  citizens  of  his  own  country  when  abroad,  and 
to  see  if  possible  that  the  country  in  which  he  resides  as 
minister,  and  his  own,  maintain  friendship  for  each  other. 

Consuls.  Their  principal  duties  are  to  look  after  the 
foreign  trade  of  their  own  country,  and  to  settle  dis- 
putes between  the  citizens  of  their  own  country,  when 
the  latter  are  abroad. 

Internal  revenue  officers.  It  is  their  chief  duty  to 
collect  the  tax  on  liquors  and  tobacco. 

Custom-house  officers.  They  collect  the  tax  laid  on 
foreign  goods  brought  into  the  United  States. 

Postmasters,  mail  carriers  and  lighthouse-keepers  are 
also  members  of  the  civil  service. 

Q.  Who  is  the  present  American  minister  to  England  ? 

Who  is  the  English  minister  in  Washington  ? 

Who  is  collector  of  customs  at  the  port  of  Chicago  ? 

Who  is  the  internal  revenue  collector  in  your  district  ? 

Who  is  postmaster  at  your  post  office  ? 

Do  you  know  any  other  members  of  the  civil  service  ? 

Q.  Do  you  know  the  meaning  of  the  expression, 
"  Civil  Service  Reform  ? " 


VIII.     MISCELLANEOUS. 

NATIONAL  POLITICAL  CONVENTION. 

Q.  Tell  how  candidates  are  put  in  nomination  by  a 
political  party  for  the  offices  of  president  and  vice- 
president  ? 

A.  The  national  committee,  consisting  of  at  least  one 


MISCELLANEOUS.  123 

member  from  each  State  in  the  Union,  publishes  a  call, 
announcing  that  on  a  certain  day  and  in  a  certain  city, 
there  will  be  held  a  national  convention  of  delegates 
from  all  the  States  (and  sometimes  the  territories)  to 
nominate  candidates  and  adopt  a  platform. 

Each  State  committee  then  publishes  a  call  for  a  State 
convention  to  appoint  as  many  delegates  to  the  national 
convention  as  the  State  may  be  entitled  to. 

The  county  committees  in  each  State  then  issue  calls 
for  county  conventions  to  appoint  delegates  to  the  State 
convention. 

Lastly,  the  township  committees  appoint  days  for 
" primary  meetings "  or  "caucuses"  to  elect  delegates 
to  the  county  conventions. 

The  township,  county,  and  State  conventions  having 
been  held,  the  national  convention  follows  at  the  ap- 
pointed time  and  place.  When  it  meets,  it  is  called  to 
order  by  the  chairman  of  the  national  committee,  who 
nominates  a  temporary  chairman  of  the  convention. 
The  convention  usually  accepts  the  chairman  so  nomi- 
nated. 

Committees  on  credentials,  on  permanent  organization, 
on  rules,  and  on  platform,  are  then  appointed.  Each  of 
these  committees  is  composed  of  one  member  from  each 
State  and  territory.  The  members  are  appointed  by 
their  respective  delegations. 

The  committee  on  credentials  hears  and  determines 
the  claims  of  delegates  to  seats  as  members  of  the  con- 
vention 

The  committee  on  permanent  organization  nominates 
a  permanent  chairman  and  other  permanent  officers  of 
the  convention.  The  committee  on  rules  reports  rules 
for  the  government  of  the  convention. 

The  committee  on  platform  prepares  and  reports  to 


124  CRAWFORD'S  CIVIL  GOVERNMENT. 

the  convention  a  platform.  A  platform  consists  of  cer- 
tain principles  which  the  party  through  its  convention 
professes  to  believe,  and  certain  promises  which  the 
party  agrees  to  perform  if  its  candidates  are  elected. 

After  the  convention  has  chosen  its  permanent  chair- 
man, and  heard  and  acted  on  the  reports  of  its  commit- 
tees, it  proceeds  to  vote  by  ballot  for  candidates  for 
president  and  vice-president. 

After  the  candidates  are  nominated,  the  convention 
appoints  a  new  national  committee,  and  then  adjourns. 

(Probably  no  two  conventions  proceed  in  exactly  the 
same  way,  but  it  is  believed  that  the  above  description 
corresponds  closely  to  the  general  course  pursued  by 
national,  and  also  by  State  conventions.) 

THE  CONGRESSIONAL  DISTRICTS  OF  ILLINOIS. 

First — The  towns  of  Rich,  Bloom,  Orland,  Bremen, 
Thornton,  Calumet  and  Worth  in  Cook  county,  and  the 
fourth  ward  east  of  the  center  line  of  Wentworth 
avenue,  the  third  ward,  the  thirty-first  ward,  the  thirty- 
second  ward,  the  thirty-third  ward  and  the  thirty-fourth 
ward  of  the  city  of  Chicago. 

Second — The  towns  of  Lament,  Palos,  Lyons, 
Proviso,  Riverside,  Cicero,  Leyden,  Norwood  Park, 
Maine,  Elk  Grove,  Schaumburg  and  Hanover  in  Cook 
county,  and  the  tenth,  twenty-eighth,  twenty-ninth  and 
thirtieth  wards  of  the  city  of  Chicago. 

Third — The  first,  second,  fifth,  sixth,  seventh  wards, 
and  that  part  of  the  fourth  ward  west  of  the  center  line 
of  Wentworth  avenue,  all  in  the  city  of  Chicago. 

Fourth — The  eighth,  ninth,  twelfth  and  nineteenth 
wards  of  the  city  of  Chicago. 

Fifth — The  eleventh,  thirteenth,  sixteenth,  eighteenth 
and  seventeenth  wards  of  the  city  of  Chicago. 


MISCELLANEOUS.  125 

Sixth — The  twentieth,  twenty-first,  twenty-second, 
twenty-third  and  twenty-fourth  wards,  also  that  part  of 
the  twenty-fifth  ward  south  of  the  center  line  of  Diver- 
sey  street  and  west  of  the  center  line  of  Halsted  street, 
and  that  part  of  the  twenty-sixth  ward  south  of  the 
center  line  of  Belmont  avenue,  all  in  the  city  of  Chicago. 

Seventh — The  fourteenth,  fifteenth  and  twenty- 
seventh  wards,  the  twenty-fifth  ward,  except  that  part 
south  of  the  center  line  of  Diversey  street  and  west  of 
the  center  line  of  Halsted  street,  that  part  of  the  twenty- 
sixth  ward  north  of  the  center  line  of  Belmont  avenue, 
in  the  city  of  Chicago  ;  also  the  towns  of  Evanston, 
Niles,  New  Trier,  Northfield,  Wheeling,  Palatine  and 
Harrington,  in  Cook  county  and  the  county  of 
Lake. 

Eighth — The  counties  of  McHenry,  DeKalb,  Kane, 
DuPage,  Kendall  and  Grundy. 

Ninth — The  counties  of  Boone,  Winnebago,  Stephen- 
son,  Jo  Daviess,  Carroll,  Ogle  and  Lee. 

Tenth — The  counties  of  Whiteside,  Rock  Island, 
Mercer,  Henry,  Knox  and  Stark. 

Eleventh — The  counties  of  Bureau,  LaSalle.  Living:- 

'  O 

ston  and  Woodford. 

Twelfth — The  counties  of  Will,  Kankakee,  Iroquois 
and  Vermilion. 

Thirteenth — The  counties  of  Ford,  McLean,  DeWitt, 
Piatt,  Champaign  and  Douglass. 

Fourteenth — The  counties  of  Putnam,  Marshall, 
Peoria,  Fulton,  Tazewell  and  Mason. 

Fifteenth — The  counties  of  Henderson,  Warren, 
Hancock,  McDonough,  Adams,  Brown  and  Schuyler. 

Sixteenth — The  counties  of  Cass,  Morgan,  Scott, 
Pike,  Green,  Macoupin,  Calhoun  and  Jersey. 


126  CRAWFORD'S  CIVIL  GOVERNMENT. 

Seventeenth — The  counties  of  Menard,  Logan,  San- 
garaon,  Macon  and  Christian. 

Eighteenth — The  counties  of  Madison,  Montgom- 
ery, Bond,  Fayette,  Shelby  and  Moultrie. 

Nineteenth — The  counties  of  Coles,  Edgar,  Clark, 
Cumberland,  Effingham,  Jasper,  Crawford,  Richland 
and  Lawrence. 

Twentieth — The  counties  of  Clay,  Jefferson,  Wayne, 
Hamilton,  Edwards,  Wabash,  Franklin,  White,  Gal- 
latin  and  Hardin. 

Twenty-first — The  counties  of  Marion,  Clinton, 
Washington,  St.  Clair,  Monroe,  Randolph  and  Perry. 

Twenty-second — The  counties  of  Jackson,  Union, 
Alexander,  Pulaski,  Johnson,  Williamson,  Saline, 
Pope  and  Massac. 

SENATORIAL  DISTRICTS. 

First — The  first  and  fifth  wards,  and  the  second 
ward  except  that  part  lying  south  of  the  center  line  of 
Twenty-second  street  and  west  of  the  center  line  of 
State  street,  in  the  city  of  Chicago,  in  the  county  of 
Cook. 

Second — The  twelfth  ward  and  the  whole  of  the 
tenth  ward,  except  that  part  lying  south  of  the  center 
line  of  West  Twenty- first  street  and  east  of  the  center 
line  of  Campbell  avenue,  in  the  city  of  Chicago,  in 
the  county  of  Cook. 

Third — That  part  of  the  town  of  Calumet  in  Cook 
county,  lying  outside  the  city  of  Chicago,  and  all  of 
the  thirty-first,  thirty-third  and  thirty-fourth  wards, 
in  the  city  of  Chicago,  in  the  county  of  Cook. 


MISCELLANEOUS.  127 

Fourth — The  twenty-ninta  and  thirtieth  wards,  in 
the  city  of  Chicago,  in  the  county  of  Cook. 

Fifth — The  third,  fourth  and  thirty-second  wards, 
and  that  part  of  the  second  ward  lying  south  of  the 
center  line  of  Twenty-second  street  and  west  of  the 
center  line  of  State  street,  in  the  city  of  Chicago,  in 
the  county  of  Cook. 

Sixth — The  twentieth  ward  and  twenty-sixth  ward, 
lying  south  of  the  town  of  Evanston,  that  part  of  the 
twenty-fifth  ward  lying  north  of  the  center  line  of 
Montrose  boulevard  and  south  of  the  town  of  Evanston, 
and  that  part  of  the  fifteenth  ward  lying  east  of  the 
center  line  of  Western  avenue  in  the  city  of  Chicago, 
in  the  county  of  Cook. 

Seventh — The  towns  of  Thornton,  Bloom,  Rich, 
Bremen,  Orland,  Lemont,  Palos,  Worth,  Lyons, 
Riverside,  Cicero,  Proviso,  Leyden,  Norwood  Park, 
Maine,  Elk  Grove,  Schaumburg,  Hanover,  Barring- 
ton,  Palatine,  Wheeling,  Northfield,  New  Trier, 
Evanston  and  Niles,  in  Cook  county. 

Eighth — The  counties  of  Lake,  McHenry  and  Boone. 

Ninth — The  sixth  ward,  that  part  of  the  twenty- 
eighth  ward  lying  between  the  center  line  of  the  Illi- 
nois and  Michigan  canal  and  the  center  line  of  Thirty- 
ninth  street,  that  part  of  the  ninth  ward  lying  south 
of  the  center  line  of  West  Sixteenth  street,  that  part 
of  the  tenth  ward  lying  south  of  the  center  line  of 
West  Twenty-first  street  and  east  of  the  center  line  of 
Campbell  avenue,  in  the  city  of  Chicago,  in  the  county 
of  Cook. 

Tenth — The  counties  of  Winnebago  and  Ogle. 


128  CRAWFORD'S  CIVIL  GOVERNMENT. 

Eleventh — The  fourteenth  ward,  that  part  of  the 
fifteenth  ward  lying  west  of  the  center  line  of  West- 
ern avenue,  the  twenty-eighth  ward  except  that  part 
lying  between  the  center  line  of  the  Illinois  and  Michi- 
gan canal  and  the  center  line  of  Thirty -ninth  street, 
and  the  twenty-seventh  ward,  of  the  city  of  Chicago, 
in  the  county  of  Cook. 

Twelfth — The  counties  of  Stephenson,  Jo  Daviess 
and  Carroll. 

Thirteenth — The  seventh  ward,  the  eighth  ward,  and 
that  part  of  the  nineteenth  ward  bounded  on  the  north 
by  the  center  line  of  West  Taylor  street,  on  the  east 
by  the  center  line  of  Desplaines  street,  on  the  south 
by  the  center  line  of  West  Twelfth  street,  and  on  the 
west  by  the  center  line  of  Newberry  avenue,  in  the 
city  of  Chicago,  in  the  county  of  Cook. 

Fourteenth — The  counties  of  Kane  and  DuPage. 

Fifteenth — The  nineteenth  ward,  except  that  part 
bounded  on  the  north  by  the  center  line  of  West 
Taylor  street,  on  the  east  by  the  center  line  of  Des- 
plaines street,  on  the  south  by  the  center  line  of  West 
Twelfth  street,  and  on  the  west  by  the  center  line  of 
Newberry  avenue,  that  part  of  the  eleventh  ward  lying 
south  of  the  center  line  of  Lake  street,  and  that  part 
of  the  ninth  ward  lying  north  of  the  centre  line  of 
West  Sixteenth  street,  in  the  city  of  Chicago,  in  the 
county  of  Cook. 

Sixteenth — The  counties  of  Kankakee  and  Iroquois. 

Seventeenth — That  part  of  the  eleventh  ward  lying 
north  of  the  center  line  of  West  Lake  street,  and  the 
seventeenth  and  eighteenth  -wards  in  the  city  of 
Chicago,  in  the  county  of  Cook, 


MISCELLANEOUS.  129 

Eighteenth — The  counties  of  Ford  and  Vermilion. 

O 

Nineteenth — The  thirteenth  ward,  and  all  of  the 
sixteenth  ward  except  that  part  lying  northeasterly  of 
the  center  line  of  Milwaukee  avenue  and  east  of  the 
center  line  of  Noble  street,  and  south  of  the  center 
line  of  West  Division  street  and  the  north  branch  of 
the  Chicago  river,  in  the  city  of  Chicago,  in  the  county 
of  Cook. 

Twentieth — The  counties  of  Marshall,  Woodford  and 
Livingston. 

Twenty-first — The  twenty-first  ward,  the  twenty- 
second  ward,  and  that  part  of  the  twenty-fifth  ward 
lying  south  of  the  center  line  of  Montrose  boulevard, 
in  the  city  of  Chicago,  in  the  county  of  Cook. 

Twenty-second — The  county  of  McLean. 

Twenty-third — The  twenty-third  ward,  twenty- 
fourth  ward,  and  that  part  of  the  sixteenth  ward  lying 
northeasterly  of  the  center  line  of  Milwaukee  avenue 
and  east  of  the  center  line  of  Noble  street,  and  south 
of  the  center  line  of  West  Division  street  and  the 
north  branch  of  the  Chicago  river,  in  the  city  of 
Chicago,  in  the  county  of  Cook. 

Twenty -fourth — The  county  of  Peoria. 

Twenty-fifth— The  county  of  Will. 

Twenty-sixth — The  counties  of  Fulton  and  Tazewell. 

Twenty -seventh — The  county  of  La  Salle. 

Twenty-eighth — The  counties  of  Hancock,  McDon- 
ough  and  Schuyler. 

Twenty-ninth — The  counties  of  Lee,  DeKalb,  Ken- 
dall and  Grundy. 

Thirtieth — The  counties  of  Champaign,  Dewitt  and 
Piatt. 


130  CRAWFORD'S  CIVIL  GOVERNMENT. 

Thirty-first — The  counties  of  Whiteside,  Bureau, 
Putnam  and  Stark. 

Thirty-second — The  counties  of  Cass,  Menard, 
Mason  and  Logan. 

Thirty-third — The  counties  of  Rock  Island  and 
Henry. 

Thirty-fourth — The  counties  of  Pike,  Scott  and 
Morgan. 

Thirty-fifth — The  counties  of  Knox,  Warren,  Hen- 
derson and  Mercer. 

Thirty-sixth — The  counties  of  Green  and  Macoupin. 

Thirty-seventh — The  counties  of  Adams  and  Brown. 

Thirty-eighth — The  counties  of  Montgomery,  Bond 
and  Fayette. 

Thirty-ninth — The  county  of  Sangamon. 

Fortieth — The  counties  of  Douglas,  Coles  and  Shelby. 

Forty-first — The  counties  of  Macon,  Christian  and 
Moultrie. 

Forty-second — The  counties  of  Clay,  Marion,  Clinton 
and  Washington. 

Forty-third — The  counties  of  Edgar,  Clark,  Cum- 
berland and  Effingham. 

Forty -fourth — The  counties  of  Wabash,  Edwards, 
White,  Gallatin  and  Hardin. 

Forty-fifth — The  counties  of  Jasper,  Crawford, 
Richland  and  Lawrence. 

Forty-sixth — The  counties  of  Franklin,  Jefferson, 
Wayne  and  Hamilton. 

Forty- seventh — The  counties  of  Madison,  Jersey 
and  Calhoun. 

Forty-eighth — The  counties  of  Monroe,  Randolph, 
Perry  and  Jackson. 

Forty-ninth — The  county  of  St.  Clair. 

Fiftieth — The  counties  of  Williamson,  Union  and 
Alexander. 

Fifty-first — The  counties  of  Pulaski,  Massac,  John- 
son, Pope  and  Saline. 


MISCELLANEOUS.  131 

GRAND  DIVISIONS  OF  THE  SUPREME  COURT. 

Southern  Grand  Division — Terms  held  at  Mount 
Vernon. 

Counties  of  Alexander,  Bond,  Clay,  Clinton,  Craw- 
ford, Edwards,  Effingbam,  Fayette,  Franklin,  Galla"tin, 
Hamilton,  Hardin,  Jackson,  Jasper,  Jefferson,  Johnson, 
Lawrence,  Madison,  Marion,  Massac,  Monroe,  Perry, 
Pope,  Pulaski,  Randolph,  Richland  Saline,  St.  Clair, 
Union,  Wabash,  Washington,  Wayne,  White  and  Wil- 
liamson. 

Central  Grand  Division — Terms  held  at  Springfield. 

Counties  of  Adams,  Brown,  Cass,  Calhoun,  Cham- 
paign, Christian,  Clark,  Coles,  Cumberland,  De  Witt, 
Douglas,  Edgar,  Ford,  Fulton,  Greene,  Hancock,  Jer- 
sey, Logan,  Macon,  Macoupin,  Mason,  McDonough, 
McLean,  Menard,  Montgomery,  Morgan,  Moultrie, 
Piatt,  Pike,  Sangamon,  Schuyler,  Scott,  Shelby,  Taze- 
well  and  Vermilion. 

Northern  Grand  Division — Terms  held  at  Ottawa. 

Counties  of  Boone,  Bureau,  Carroll,  Cook,  De  Kalb, 
Du  Page,  Grundy,  Henderson,  Henry,  Iroquois,  Jo 
Daviess,  Kane,  Kankakee,  Kendall,  Knox,  Lake,  La 
Salle,  Lee,  Livingstone,  Marshall,  McHenry,  Mercer, 
Ogle,  Peoria,  Putnam,  Rock  Island,  Stark,  Stephenson, 
Warren,  Whiteside,  Will,  Winnebago  and  Woodford. 

ELECTION  DISTRICTS  OF  SUPREME  COURT. 

First  District — The  counties  of  St.  Clair,  Clinton,  Wash- 
ington, Jefferson,  Wayne,  Edwards,  Wabash,  White, 
Hamilton,  Franklin,  Perry,  Randolph,  Monroe,  Jackson, 
Williamson,  Saline,  Gallatin,  Hardin,  Pope,  Union, 
Johnson,  Alexander,  Pulaski  and  Massac. 

Second  District  —  The   counties  of   Madison,    Bond, 


132  CUAWFOKD'JJ  CIVIL  GOVERNMENT. 

Marion,  Clay,  Richland,  Lawrence,  Crawford,  Jasper, 
Effingham,  Fayeite,  Montgomery,  Macoupin,  Shelby, 
Cumberland,  Clark.  Greene,  Jersey,  Caihoun  and  Chris- 
tian. 

Third  District — The  counties  of  Sangamon,  Macon, 
Logan,  De  Witt,  Piatt,  Douglas,  Champaign,  Vermillion, 
McLean,  Livingston,  Ford,  Iroquois,  Coles,  Edgar, 
Moultrie  and  Tazewell. 

Fourth  District — The  counties  of  Fulton,  McDonough, 
Hancock,  Schuyler,  Brown,  Adams,  Pike,  Mason,  Me- 
nard,  Morgan,  Cass  and  Scott. 

FiftK  District — The  counties  of  Knox,  Warren,  Hen- 
derson, Mercer,  Henry,  Stark,  Peoria,  Marshall,  Put- 
nam, Bureau,  La  Salle,  Grundy  and  Woodford. 

Sixth  District — The  counties  of  Whiteside,  Carroll, 
Jo  Daviess,  Stephenson,  Winnebago,  Boone,  McHenry, 
Kane,  Kendall,  De  Kalb,  Lee,  Ogle  and  Rock  Island. 

Seventh  District — The  counties  of  Lake,  Cook,  Will, 
Kankakee  and  Du  Page. 

APPELLATE  COURT  DISTRICTS. 

First  District — Cook  county. 

Second  District — It  includes  the  counties  embraced 
in  the  northern  grand  division  of  the  supreme  court, 
except  Cook  county. 

Third  District — It  includes  the  counties  embraced 
within  the  central  grand  division  of  the  supreme  court. 

Fourth  District — It  includes  the  counties  embraced 
within  the  southern  grand  division  of  the  supreme 

court. 

CIRCUIT  COURTS. 

First  Circuit — The  counties  of  Franklin,  Saline,  Wil- 
liamson, Jackson,  Union,  Johnson,  Pope,  Hardin.  Mas- 
sac,  Pulaski  and  Alexander. 


MISCELLANEOUS.  133 

Second  Circuit — The  counties  of  Cumberland,  Effing- 
ham,  Clay,  Jasper,  Kichland,  Lawrence,  Crawford,  Jef- 
ferson, Wayne,  Edwards,  Wabash,  White,  Hamilton 
and  Gallatin. 

Third  Circuit — The  counties  of  Bond,  Madison,  St. 
Clair,  Marion,  Clinton,  Washington,  Randolph,  Monroe 
and  Perry. 

Fourth  Circuit — The  counties  of  Vermilion,  Edgar, 
Clark,  Coles,  Douglas,  Champaign,  Piatt,  Moultrie  and 
Macon. 

Fifth  Circuit — The  counties  of  Sangamon,  Macoupin, 
Christian,  Montgomery,  Fayette  and  Shelby. 

Sixth  Circuit — The  counties  of  Hancock.  Adams, 
Fulton,  McDonough,  Schuyler,  Brown  and  Pike. 

Seventh  Circuit — The  counties  of  De  Witt,  Logan, 
Menard,  Mason,  Cass,  Morgan,  Scott,  Greene,  Jersey 
and  Calhoun 

Eighth  Circuit — The  counties  of  Putnam,  Marshall, 
Woodford,  Tazewell,  Peoria  and  Stark. 

Ninth  Circuit — The  counties  of  Bureau,  La  Salle, 
Will  and  Grundy. 

Tenth  Circuit — The  counties  of  Rock  Island,  Mercer, 
Henry,  Henderson,  Warren  and  Knox. 

Eleventh  Circuit — The  counties  of  McLean,  Ford, 
Kankakee,  Iroquois  and  Livingston.  + 

Twelfth  Circuit — The  counties  of  Boone,  De  Kalb. 
McHenry,  Lake,  Kane,  Du  Page  and  Kendall. 

Thirteenth  Circuit — The  counties  of  Jo  Daviess, 
Stephenson,  Winnebago,  Carroll,  Whiteside,  Ogle  and 
Lee. 

Cook  county  alone  constitutes  another  circuit. 


CONSTITUTION  OF  THE  STATE  OF  ILLINOIS. 


I.  BOUNDARIES  OP  THE  STATE 135 

II.  BILL  OF  RIGHTS 135 

§1.  Inherent  and  Inalienable  Rights  ;  §2.  Due  Process  of  Law; 
§3.  Liberty  of  Conscience  Guaranteed;  §4.  Freedom  of  the 
Press — Libel ;  §5.  Right  of  Trial  by  Jury  ;  §6.  Unreasonable 
Searches  and  Seizures ;  §7.  Bail  Allowed — Writ  of  Habeas 
Corpus;  §8.  Indictment  Required — Grand  Juiy  Abolished; 
§9.  Rights  of  Persons  Accused  of  Crime;  §10.  Self  Crimina- 
tion— Former  trial;  §11.  Penalties  proportionate — Corruption 
— Forfeiture;  §12.  Imprisonment  for  debt;  §13.  Compensation 
for  Property  taken  ;  §14.  Ex  post  facto  laws  —  Irrevocable 
Grants;  §15.  Military  Power  Subordinate;  §16.  Quarteiing  of 
Soldiers;  §17.  Right  of  Assembly  and  Petition;  §18.  Elections 
to  be  Free  and  Equal  ;  §19.  What  Laws  ought  to  be  ;  §20. 
Fundamental  Principles. 

III.  DISTRIBUTION  OP  POWERS 137 

IV.  LEGISLATIVE  DEPARTMENT _ 137 

§1.  General  Assembly  elective;  §2.  Time  of  Election — Vacancies; 
§3.  Who  are  eligible;  §4.  Disqualification  by  Crime;  §5.  Oath 
taken  by  members  ;  §6  Senatorial  Apportionments;  ^7.  &  8. 
Minority  Representation;  §9.  Timeof  meeting — General  Rules; 
§10.  Secrecy — Adjournment — Journals — Protests;  §11.  Style 
of  laws ;  §12.  Origin  and  passage  of  Bills  ;  §13.  Reading  - 
Printing — Title — Amendments;  §14.  Privileges  of  members; 
§15.  Disabilities  of  members ;  §16.  Bills  making  Appropria- 
tions ;  §17.  Payment  of  money  —  Statement  of  Expenses; 
§18.  Ordinary  Expenses  —  Casual  Deficits  —  Appropriations 
limited;  §19.  Extra  Compensation  or  Allowance;  §20.  Public 
Credit  not  loaned  ;  §21.  Pay  and  mileage  of  members  ;  §22. 
Special  Legislation  prohibited  ;  §23.  Against  Release  from 
Liability;  §34.  Proceedings  on  Impeachment;  §25.  Fuel,  Sta- 
tionery and  Printing;  §26.  State  not  to  be  sued;  §27-  Lotteries 
and  Gift  Enterprises;  §28.  Terms  of  office  not  Extended;  §29. 
Protection  of  operative  miners;  §30.  Concerning  roads — pub- 
lic and  private;  §31.  Draining  and  ditching;  §32.  Homestead 
and  Exemption  Laws;  §33.  Completion  of  the  State  House. 

V.  EXECUTIVE  DEPARTMENT 146 

134 


CONSTITUTION  OP   THE   STATE   OF   ILLINOIS.       135 

§1.  Officers  of  this  Department ;  §2.  Of  the  State  Treasurer  ;  §3. 
Time  of  Electing  State  Officers;  §4.  Returns— Tie— Contested 
Election;  §5.  Eligibility  for  Office ;  §6.  Governor — Power  and 
Duty  ;-  §7.  His  Message  and  Statement ;  §8.  Convening  the 
General  Assembly;  §9.  Proroguing  the  General  Assembly; 
810.  Nominations  by  the  Governor  ;  §11.  Vacancies  may  be 
filled;  §12.  Removals  by  the  Governor;  §13.  Reprieves— Com- 
mutations —  Pardons  ;  §14.  Governor  as  Commander-in- 
Chief  ;  §15.  Impeachment  for  Misdemeanor;  §16.  Veto  of  the 
Governor  ;  §17.  Lieutenant  Governor  as  Governor  ;  §18.  As 
President  of  the  Senate  ;  §19.  Vacancy  in  Governor's  Office  ; 
§20.  Vacancy  in  other  State  Offices  ;  §21.  Reports  of  State 
Officers;  §22.  Great  Seal  of  State  ;  §23.  Fees  and  Salaries  ; 
§24.  Definition  of  "Office";  §25.  Oath  of  Civil  Officers. 

VI.  JUDICIAL  DEPARTMENT 151 

§1.  Judicial  Powers  of  Courts  ;  §2.  Seven  Supreme  Judges  —  Four 
Decide;  §3.  Qualifications  of  a  Supreme  Judge  ;  §4.  Terms  of 
the  Supreme  Court;  §5.  Three  Grand  Divisions — Seven  Dis- 
tricts ;  §6.  Election  of  Supreme  Judges  ;  §7.  Salaries  of  the 
Supreme  Judges;  §8.  Appeals  and  "Writs  of  Error;  §9.  Ap- 
pointment of  Reporter  ;  §10.  Clerks  of  the  Supreme  Court; 
§11.  Appellate  Courts  Authorized  ;  §12.  Jurisdiction  of  Cir- 
cuit Courts;  |13.  Formation  of  Judicial  Circuits  ;  §14.  Time 
of  holding  Circuit  Courts ;  §15.  Circuits  containing  Four 
Judges;  §16.  Salaries  of  the  Circuit  Judges;  §17.  Qualification 
of  Judges  or  Commissioners  ;  §18.  County  Judges — County 
Clerks;  §19.  Appeals  from  County  .Courts ;  §20.  Probate 
Courts  Authorized;  §21.  Justices  of  the  Peace  and  Constables; 
§22.  State's  Attorney  in  each  County  ;  §23.  Cook  County 
Courts  of  Record  ;  §24.  Chief  Justice — Power  of  Judges ; 
§25.  Salaries  of  the  Judges  ;  §26.  Criminal  Court  of  Cook 
County  ;  §27.  Clerks  of  Cook  County  Court ;  §a8.  Justices  in 
Chicago;  §29.  Uniformity  in  the  Courts;  §30.  Removal  of  any 
Judge  ;  §31.  Judges  to  make  Written  Reports  ;  §32.  Terms  of 
Office— Filling  Vacancies;  §33.  Process — Prosecutions — Popu- 
lation. 

VII.  SUFFRAGE 158 

§1.  Who  are  Entitled  to  Vote  ;  §2.  All  Voting  to  be  by  Ballot ;  §3. 
Privileges  of  Electors  ;  §4.  Absence  on  Public  Business  ; 
§5.  Soldier  not  Deemed  a  Resident ;  §6.  Qualifications  for  Of- 
fice; §7.  Persons  Convicted  of  Crime. 

VIII.  EDUCATION 159 

§1.  Free  Schools  Established;  §2.  Gifts  or  Grants  in  Aid  of  Schools; 
§3.  Public  Schools  not  to  be  Sectarian  ;  §4.  School  Officers  not 
Interested;  §5.  County  Superintendents  of  Schools. 

IX.  REVENUE..  .  150 


136  CBAWFOBD'S  CIVIL  GOVERNMENT. 

§1.  Principle  of  Taxation  Stated  ;  §2.  Other  and  Further  Taxation  ; 
§3.  Property  Exempt  from  Taxation ;  §4.  Sale  of  Real 
Property  fo'r  Taxes  ;  £5.  Right  of  Redemption  Therefrom  ; 
§6.  Release  from  Taxation  Forbidden  ;  §7.  Taxes  Paid  into 
State  Treasury  ;  §8.  Limitation  on  County  Taxes  ;  §9.  Local 
Municipal  Improvements;  §10.  Taxation  of  Municipal  Corpor- 
ations ;  §11.  Defaulter  not  to  be  Eligible  ;  §12.  Limitation  on 
Municipal  Indebtedness. 

X.  COUNTIES 162 

§1.  Formation  of  New  Counties  ;  §2.  Division  of  any  County  ;  §3. 
Territory  Stricken  from  a  County  ;  §4.  Removal  of  a  County 
Seat ;  §5.  Methods  of  County  Government ;  §6.  Board  of 
County  Commissioners  ;  §7.  County  Affairs  in  Cook  County 
88.  County  Officers— Terms  of  Office;  §9.  Salaries  and  Fees  in 
Cook  County  ;  §10.  Salaries  Fixed  by  County  Board  ;  §11. 
Township  Officers — Special  Laws  ;  §12.  All  Future  Fees  Uni- 
form; §13.  Sworn  Report  of  All  Fees. 

XI.  CORPORATIONS 165 

§1.  Established  only  by  General  Laws  ;  §2.  Existing  Charters — How 
Forfeited  ;  §3.  Election  of  Directors  or  Managers  ;  §4.  Con- 
structioa  of  Street  Railroads;  §5  State  Bank  Forbidden — Gen 
eral  Law;  §6.  Liability  of  Bank  Stockholder  ;  §7.  Suspension 
of  Specie  Payment;  §8.  Of  a  General  Banking  Law;  §9.  Rail- 
road Office — Books  and  Records  ;  §10.  Personal  Property  of 
Railroads ;  §11.  Consolidations  Forbidden  ;  §12  Railroads 
Deemed  Highways — Rates  Fixed  ;  §13.  Stocks,  Bonds  and 
Dividends;  §14.  Power  Over  Existing  Companies;  §15.  Freight 
and  Passenger  Tariffs  Regulated. 

XII.  MILITIA 168 

§1.  Persons  Composing  the  Militia;  §2.  Organization — Equipment — 
Discipline  ;  §3.  Commissions  of  Officers  ;  §4.  Privilege  from 
Arrest;  §5.  Records,  Banners  and  Relics;  §6.  Exemption  from 
Militia  Duty. 

XIII.  WAREHOUSES 168 

§1.  What  Deemed  Public  Warehouses  ;  §2.  Sworn  Weekly  State- 
ments Required;  §3.  Examination  of  Property  Stored;  §4. 
Carriers  to  Deliver  Full  Weight;  §5.  Delivery  of  Grain  by 
Railroads  ;  §6.  Power  and  Duty  of  the  Legislature ;  §7. 
Grain  Inspection — Protection  of  Dealers. 

XIV.  AMENDMENTS  TO  THE  CONSTITUTION 170 

§1.  By  a  Constitutional  Convention  ;  §2.  Proposed  by  the  Legis- 
lature. 

SCHEDULE..,  .  171 


CONSTITUTION   OF   THE   STATE   OP   ILLINOIS.       137 


PREAMBLE. 

We,  the  people  of  the  State  of  Illinois — grateful  to  Almighty  God 
for  the  civil,  political  and  religious  liberty  which  He  hath  so  long 
permitted  us  to  enjoy,  and  looking  to  Him  for  a  blessing  upon  our 
endeavors  to  secure  and  transmit  the  same  unimpaired  to  succeeding 
generations — in  order  to  form  a  more  perfect  government,  establish 
justice,  insure  domestic  tranquility,  provide  for  the  common  defense, 
promote  the  general  welfare,  and  secure  the  blessings  of  liberty  to 
ourselves  and  our  posterity;  do  ordain  and  establish  this  constitution 
for  the  State  of  Illinois. 

ARTICLE  I.— BOUNDARIES. 

The  boundaries  and  jurisdiction  of  the  State  shall  be  as  follows, 
to  wit :  Beginning  at  the  mouth  of  the  Wabash  river  ;  thence  up  the 
same,  and  with  the  line  of  Indiana,  to  the  northwest  corner  of  said 
State  ;  thence  east,  with  the  line  of  the  same  State,  to  the  middle  of 
Lake  Michigan ;  thence  north,  along  the  middle  of  said  lake,  to  north 
latitude  42  degrees  and  30  minutes;  thence  west  to  the  middle  of  the 
Mississippi  river,  and  thence  down  along  the  middle  of  that  river  to 
its  confluence  with  the  Ohio  river,  and  thence  up  the  latter  river, 
along  its  northwestern  shore,  to  the  place  of  beginning:  Provided,  that 
this  State  shall  exercise  such  jurisdiction  upon  the  Ohio  river  as  she 
is  now  entitled  to,  or  such  as  may  hereafter  be  agreed  upon  by  this 
State  and  the  State  of  Kentucky. 

ARTICLE  II.— BILL  OF  RIGHTS. 

§  1.  All  men  are  by  nature  free  and  independent,  and  have  cer- 
tain inherent  and  inalienable  rights— among  these  are  life,  liberty 
and  the  pursuit  of  happiness.  To  secure  these  rights  and  the  pro- 
tection of  property,  governments  are  instituted  among  men,  deriving 
their  just  powers  from  the  consent  of  the  governed. 

§  2.  No  person  shall  be  deprived  of  life,  liberty  or  property, 
without  due  process  of  law. 

§  3.  The  free  exercise  and  enjoyment  of  religious  profession  and 
worship,  without  discrimination,  shall  forever  be  guaranteed  ;  and  no 
person  shall  be  denied  any  civil  or  political  right,  privilege  or  capa- 
city, on  account  of  his  religious  opinions ;  but  the  liberty  of  con- 
science hereby  secured  shall  not  be  construed  to  dispense  with  oaths 
or  affirmations,  excuse  acts  of  licentiousness,  or  justify  practices  in- 
consistent with  the  peace  or  safety  of  the  State.  No  person  shall  be 
required  to  attend  or  support  any  ministry  or  place  of  worship 


138  CRAWFORD'S  CIVIL  GOVERNMENT. 

against  his  consent,  nor  shall  any  preference  be  given  by  law  to  any 
religious  denomination  or  mode  of  worship. 

§  4.  Every  person  may  freely  speak,  write  and  publish  on  all 
subjects,  being  responsible  for  the  abuse  of  that  liberty ;  and  in  all 
trials  for  libei,  both  civil  and  criminal,  the  truth,  when  published 
with  good  motives  and  for  justifiable  ends,  shall  be  a  sufficient 
defense. 

§  5.  The  right  of  trial  by  jury  as  heretofore  enjoyed,  shall  re- 
main inviolate  ;  but  the  trial  of  civil  cases  before  justices  of  the 
peace  by  a  jury  of  less  than  twelve  men,  may  be  authorized  by  law. 

§  6.  The  right  of  the  people  to  be  secure  in  their  persons,  houses, 
papers,  and  effects,  against  unreasonable  searches  and  seizures,  shall 
not  be  violated;  and  no  warrant  shall  issue  without  probable  cause, 
supported  by  affidavit,  particularly  describing  the  place  to  be 
searched,  and  the  person  or  things  to  be  seized. 

§  7.  All  persons  shall  be  bailable  by  sufficient  sureties,  except  for 
capital  offenses,  where  the  proof  is  evident  or  the  presumption  great ; 
and  the  privilege  of  the  writ  of  habeas  corpus  shall  not  be  suspended, 
unless  when  in  cases  of  rebellion  or  invasion  the  public  safety  may 
require  it. 

§  8.  No  person  shall  be  held  to  answer  for  a  criminal  offense  un- 
less on  indictment  of  a  grand  jury,  except  in  cases  in  which  the  pun- 
ishment is  by  fine,  or  imprisonment  otherwise  than  in  the  peniten- 
tiary, in  cases  of  impeachment,  and  in  cases  arising  in  the  army  and 
navy  or  in  the  militia  when  in  actual  service  in  time  of  war  or  public 
danger:  Provided,  that  the  grand  jury  may  be  abolished  by  law  in  all 
cases. 

§  9.  In  all  criminal  prosecutions,  the  accused  shall  have  the 
right  to  appear  and  defend  in  person  and  by  counsel ;  to  demand  the 
nature  and  cause  of  the  accusation,  and  to  have  a  copy  thereof ;  to 
meet  the  witnesses  face  to  face,  and  to  have  process  to  compel  the 
attendance  of  witnesses  in  his  behalf,  and  a  speedy  public  trial  by  an 
impartial  jury  of  the  county  or  district  in  which  the  offense  is  alleged 
to  have  been  committed. 

§  10.  No  person  shall  be  compelled  in  any  criminal  case  to  give 
evidence  against  himself,  or  be  twice  put  in  jeopardy  for  the  same 
offense. 

§11.  All  penalties  shall  be  proportioned  to  the  nature  of  the  of- 
fense: and  no  conviction  shall  work  corruption  of  blood  or  forfeiture 
of  estate  ;  nor  shall  any  person  be  transported  out  of  the  State  for 
any  offense  committed  within  the  same. 

§  12.    No  person  shall  be  imprisoned  for  debt,  unless  upon  refusal 


CONSTITUTION  OF   THE   STATE   OP   ILLINOIS.       139 

to  deliver  up  his  estate  for  the  benefit  of  his  creditors,  in  such  man- 
ner as  shall  be  prescribed  by  law  ;  or  in  cases  where  there  is  strong 
presumption  of  fraud. 

§  13.  Private  property  shall  not  be  taken  or  damaged  for  public 
use  without  just  compensation.  Such  compensation,  when  not  made 
by  the  State,  shall  be  ascertained  by  a  jury,  as  shall  be  prescribed  by 
law.  The  fee  of  land  taken  for  railroad  tracks  without  consent  of 
the  owners  thereof,  shall  remain  in  such  owners,  subject  to  the  use 
for  which  it  is  taken. 

§  14.  No  ex  post  facto  law,  or  law  impairing  the  obligation  of 
contracts,  or  making  any  irrevocable  grant  of  special  privileges  or 
immunities,  shall  be  passed. 

§  15.  The  military  shall  be  in  strict  subordination  to  the  civil 
power. 

§  16.  No  soldier  shall,  in  time  of  peace,  be  quartered  in  any 
house  without  the  consent  of  the  owner;  nor  in  time  of  war  except 
in  the  manner  prescribed  by  law. 

§  17.  The  people  have  the  right  to  assemble  in  a  peaceable  man- 
ner to  consult  for  the  common  good,  to  make  known  their  opinions 
to  their  representatives,  and  to  apply  for  redress  of  grievances. 

§  18.     All  elections  shall  be  free  and  equal. 

§  19.  Every  person  ought  to  find  a  certain  remedy  in  the  laws 
for  all  injuries  and  wrongs  which  he  may  receive  in  his  person,  pro- 
perty, or  reputation;  he  ought  to  obtain,  by  law,  right  and  justice 
freely,  and  without  being  obliged  to  purchase  it,  completely  and 
without  denial,  promptly  and  without  delay. 

§20.  A  frequent  recurrence  to  the  fundamental  principles  of 
civil  government  is  absolutely  necessary  to  preserve  the  blessings  of 
liberty. 

ARTICLE  III.— DISTRIBUTION  OF  POWERS. 

The  powers  of  the  government  of  this  State  are  divided  into  three 
distinct  departments — the  legislative,  executive  and  judicial;  and  no 
person,  or  collection  of  persons,  being  one  of  these  departments, 
shall  exercise  any  power  properly  belonging  to  either  of  the  others, 
except  as  hereinafter  expressly  directed  or  permitted. 

ARTICLE  IV.— LEGISLATIVE  DEPARTMENT. 

§  1.  The  legislative  power  shall  be  vested  in  a  general  assembly, 
which  shall  consist  of  a  senate  and  house  of  representatives,  both  to 
be  elected  by  the  people. 


140  CRAWFORD'S  CIVIL  GOVERNMENT. 


ELECTION. 

§  2.  An  election  for  members  of  the  general  assembly  shall  be 
held  on  the  Tuesday  next  after  the  first  Monday  in  November  in  the 
year  of  our  Lord  one  thousand  eight  hundred  and  seventy,  and  every 
two  years  thereafter,  in  each  county,  at  such  places  therein  as  may 
be  provided  by  law.  When  vacancies  occur  in  either  house,  the 
governor  or  person  exercising  the  powers  of  governor,  shall  issue 
writs  of  election  to  fill  such  vacancies. 

ELIGIBILITY  AND  OATH. 

§  3.  No  person  shall  be  a  senator  who  shall  not  have  attained  the 
age  of  twenty-five  years,  or  a  representative  who  shall  not  have  at- 
tained the  age  of  twenty-one  years.  No  person  shall  be  a  senator  or 
a  representative  who  shall  not  be  a  citizen  of  the  United  States,  and 
who  shall  not  have  been  for  five  years  a  resident  of  this  State,  and 
for  two  years  next  preceding  his  election  a  resident  within  the  terri- 
tory forming  the  district  from  which  he  is  elected.  No  judge  or 
clerk  of  any  court,  secretary  of  state,  attorney -general,  state's  attor- 
ney, recorder,  sheriff,  or  collector  of  public  revenue,  member  of 
either  house  of  congress,  or  person  holding  any  lucrative  office  under 
the  United  States  or  this  State,  or  any  foreign  government,  shall  have 
a  seat  in  the  general  assembly:  Provided,  that  appointments  in  the 
militia,  and  the  offices  of  notary  public  and  justice  of  the  peace  shall 
not  be  considered  lucrative.  Nor  shall  any  person,  holding  any 
office  of  honor  or  profit  under  any  foreign  government,  or  under  the 
government  of  the  United  States  (except  post-masters  whose  annual 
compensation  does  not  exceed  the  sum  of  $300),  hold  any  office  of 
honor  or  profit  under  the  authority  of  this  State. 

§  4.  No  person  who  has  been,  or  hereafter  shall  be,  convicted  of 
bribery,  perjury  or  other  infamous  crime,  nor  any  person  who  has 
been  or  may  be  a  collector  or  holder  of  public  moneys,  who  shall  not 
have  accounted  for  and  paid  over,  according  to  law,  all  such  moneys 
due  from  him,  shall  be  eligible  to  the  general  assembly,  or  to  any 
office  of  profit  or  trust  in  this  State. 

§  5.  Members  of  the  general  assembly,  before  they  enter  upon 
their  official  duties,  shall  take  and  subscribe  to  the  following  oath  or 
affirmation. 

"  I  do  solemnly  swear  (or  affirm)  that  I  will  support  the  constitu 
tion  of  the  United  States,  and  the  constitution  of  the  State  of  Illinois, 
and  will  faithfully  discharge  the  duties  of  senator  (or  representative) 
according  to  the  best  of  my  ability;  and  that  I  have  not,  knowingly 


CONSTITUTION   OF   THE   STATE   OF   ILLINOIS.       141 

or  intentionally,  paid  or  contributed  anything,  or  made  any  promise 
in  the  nature  of  a  bribe,  to  directly  or  indirectly  influence  any  vote  at 
the  election  at  which  I  was  chosen  to  fill  the  said  office,  and  have  not 
accepted,  nor  will  I  accept  or  receive,  directly  or  indirectly,  any 
money  or  other  valuable  thing,  from  any  corporation,  company  or 
person,  for  any  vote  or  influence  I  may  give  or  withhold  on  any  bill, 
resolution  or  appropriation,  or  for  any  other  official  act." 

This  oath  shall  be  administered  by  a  judge  of  the  supreme  or 
circuit  court,  in  the  hall  of  the  house  to  which  the  member  is  elected, 
and  the  secretary  of  state  shall  record  and  file  the  oath  subscribed  by 
each  member.  Any  member  who  shall  refuse  to  take  the  oath  herein 
prescribed,  shall  forfeit  his  office,  and  every  member  who  shall  be 
convicted  of  having  sworn  falsely  to,  or  of  violating,  his  said  oath, 
shall  forfeit  his  office,  and  be  disqualified  thereafter  from  holding 
any  office  of  profit  or  trust  in  this  State. 

APPORTIONMENT— SENATORIAL. 

§  6.  The  general  assembly  shall  apportion  the  State  every  10 
years,  beginning  with  the  year  1871,  by  dividing  the  population  of 
the  State,  as  ascertained  by  the  federal  census,  by  the  number  51, 
and  the  quotient  shall  be  the  ratio  of  representation  in  the  senate. 
The  State  shall  be  divided  into*  51  senatorial  districts,  each  of  which 
shall  elect  one  senator,  whose  term  of  office  shall  be  four  years. 
The  senators  elected  in  the  year  of  our  Lord  1872,  in  districts  bearing 
odd  numbers,  shall  vacate  their  offices  at  the  end  of  two  years,  and 
those  elected  in  districts  bearing  even  numbers,  at  the  end  of  four 
years;  and  vacancies  occurring  by  the  expiration  of  term,  shall  be 
filled  by  the  election  of  senators  for  the  full  term.  Senatorial  dis- 
tricts shall  be  formed  of  contiguous  and  compact  territory,  bounded 
by  county  lines,  and  contain  as  nearly  as  practicable  an  equal  num- 
ber of  inhabitants;  but  no  district  shall  contain  less  than  four-fifths 
of  the  senatorial  ratio.  Counties  containing  not  less  than  the  ratio 
and  three-fourths,  may  be  divided  into  separate  districts,  and  shall 
be  entitled  to  two  senators,  and  to  one  additional  senator  for  each 
number  of  inhabitants  equal  to  the  ratio,  contained  by  such  counties 
in  excess  of  twice  the  number  of  said  ratio. 

NOTE. — By  the  adoption  of  minority  representation,  §  §  7  and  8,  of  this  article, 
cease  to  be  a  part  of  the  constitution.  Under  §  12  of  the  schedule,  and  the  vote  of 
adoption,  the  following  section  relating  to  minority  representation  Is  substituted  for 
said  sections: 

MINORITY  REPRESENTATION. 

§§  7  and  8.  The  house  of  representatives  shall  consist  of  three 
times  the  number  of  the  members  of  the  senate,  and  the  term  of 


142  CRAWFORD'S  CIVIL  GOVERNMENT. 

office  shall  be  two  years.  Three  representatives  shall  be  elected  in 
each  senatorial  district  at  the  general  election  in  the  year  of  our  Lord 
1872,  and  every  two  years  thereafter.  In  all  elections  of  representa- 
tives aforesaid,  each  qualified  voter  may  cast  as  many  votes  for  one 
candidate  as  there  are  representatives  to  be  elected,  or  may  distribute 
the  same,  or  equal  parts  thereof,  among  the  candidates,  as  he  shall 
see  fit;  and  the  candidates  highest  in  votes  shall  be  declared  elected. 

TIME  OF  MEETING  AND  GENERAL  RULES. 

§  9.  The  sessions  of  the  general  assembly  shall  commence  at  12 
o'clock  noon,  on  the  Wednesday  next  after  the  first  Monday  in  Jan- 
uary, in  the  year  next  ensuing  the  election  of  members  thereof,  and 
at  no  other  time,  unless  as  provided  by  this  constitution.  A  majority 
of  the  members  elected  to  each  house  shall  constitute  a  quorum. 
Each  house  shall  determine  the  rules  of  its  proceedings,  and  be  the 
judge  of  the  election,  returns  and  qualifications  of  its  members;  shall 
choose  its  own  officers;  and  the  senate  shall  choose  a  temporary 
president  to  preside  when  the  lieutenant-governor  shall  not  attend  as 
president  or  shall  act  as  governor.  The  secretary  of  state  shall  call 
the  house  of  representatives  to  order  at  the  opening  of  each  new 
assembly,  and  preside  over  it  until  •  a  temporary  presiding  officer 
thereof  shall  have  been  chosen  and  shall  have  taken  his  seat.  No 
member  shall  be  expelled  by  either  house,  except  by  a  vote  of  two- 
thirds  of  all  the  members  elected  to  that  house,  and  no  member  shall 
be  twice  expelled  for  the  same  offense.  Each  house  may  punish  by 
imprisonment  any  person,  not  a  member,  who  shall  be  guilty  of  dis- 
respect to  the  house  by  disorderly  or  contemptuous  behavior  in  its 
presence.  But  no  such  imprisonment  shall  extend  beyond  24  hours 
at  one  time,  unless  the  person  shall  persist  in  such  disorderly  or  con- 
temptuous behavior. 

§  10.  The  doors  of  each  house  and  of  committees  of  the  whole 
shall  be  kept  open,  except  in  such  cases  as,  in  the  opinion  of  the 
house,  require  secrecy.  Neither  house  shall,  without  the  consent 
of  the  other,  adjourn  for  more  than  two  days,  or  to  any  other  place 
than  that  in  which  the  two  houses  shall  be  sitting.  Each  house  shall 
keep  a  journal  of  its  proceedings,  which  shall  be  published.  In  the 
senate  at  the  request  of  two  members,  and  in  the  house  at  the  request 
of  five  members,  the  yeas  and  nays  shall  be  taken  on  any  question, 
and  entered  upon  the  journal.  Any  two  members  of  either  house 
shall  have  liberty  to  dissent  from  and  protest,  in  respectful  language, 
against  any  act  or  resolution  which  they  think  injurious  to  the  public 


CONSTITUTION   OF   THE   STATE   OF   ILLINOIS.       143 

or  to  any  individual,  and  have  the  reasons  of  their  dissent  entered 
upon  the  journals. 

STYLE  OF  LAWS  AND  PASSAGE  OF  BILLS. 

§11.  The  style  of  the  laws  of  this  State  shall  be:  Be  it  enacted 
by  the  People  of  the  State  of  Illinois,  represented  in  the  General  Assembly. 

§  12.  Bills  may  originate  in  either  house,  but  may  be  altered, 
amended  or  rejected  by  the  other;  and  on  the  final  passage  of  all  bills, 
the  vote  shall  be  by  yeas  and  nays,  upon  each  bill  separately,  and 
shall  be  entered  upon  the  journal ;  and  no  bill  shall  become  a  law 
without  the  concurrence  of  a  majority  of  the  members  elected  to 
each  house. 

§  13.  Every  bill  shall  be  read  at  large  on  three  different  days,  in 
each  house;  and  the  bill  and  all  amendments  thereto,  shall  be  printed 
before  the  vote  is  taken  on  its  final  passage;  and  every  bill,  having 
passed  both  houses,  shall  be  signed  by  the  speakers  thereof  No  act 
hereafter  passed  shall  embrace  more  than  one  subject,  and  that  shall 
be  expressed  in  the  title.  But  if  any  subject  shall  be  embraced  in  an 
act  which  shall  not  be  expressed  in  the  title,  such  act  shall  be  void 
only  as  to  so  much  thereof  as  shall  not  be  so  expressed;  and  no  law 
shall  be  revived  or  amended  by  reference  to  its  title  only,  but  the  law 
revived,  or  the  section  amended,  shall  be  inserted  at  length  in  the 
new  act.  And  no  act  of  the  general  assembly  shall  take  effect  until 
the  first  day  of  July  next  after  its  passage,  unless,  in  case  of  emer- 
gency, (which  emergency  shall  be  expressed  in  the  preamble  or  body 
of  the  act),  the  general  assembly  shall,  by  a  vote  of  two-thirds  of  all 
the  members  elected  to  each  house,  otherwise  direct. 

PRIVILEGES  AND  DISABILITIES. 

§  14.  Senators  and  representatives  shall,  in  all  cases,  except 
treason,  felony  or  breach  of  the  peace,  be  privileged  from  arrest  dur- 
ing the  session  of  the  general  assembly,  and  in  going  to  and  returning 
from  the  same;  and  for  any  speech  or  debate  in  either  house,  they 
shall  not  be  questioned  in  any  other  place. 

§  15.  No  person  elected  to  the  general  assembly  shall  receive  any 
civil  appointment  within  this  State  from  the  governor,  the  governor 
and  senate,  or  from  the  general  assembly,  during  the  term  for  which 
he  shall  have  been  elected;  and  all  such  appointments,  and  all  votes 
given  for  any  such  members  for  any  such  office  or  appointment,  shall 
be  void;  nor  shall  any  member  of  the  general  assembly  be  interested, 
either  directly  or  indirectly,  in  any  contract  with  the  State,  or  any 
county  thereof,  authorized  by  any  law  passed  during  the  term  for 


144:  CRAWFORD'S  CIVIL  GOVERNMENT. 

which  he  shall  have  been  elected,  or  within  one  year  after  the  ex- 
piration thereof. 

PUBLIC  MONEYS  AND  APPROPRIATIONS. 

§16.  The  general  assembly  shall  make  no  appropriation  of 
money  out  of  the  treasury  in  any  private  law.  Bills  making  appro- 
priations for  the  pay  of  members  and  officers  of  the  general  as- 
sembly, and  for  the  salaries  of  the  officers  of  the  government,  shall 
contain  no  provisions  on  any  other  subject. 

§  17.  No  money  shall  be  drawn  from  the  treasury  except  in  pur- 
suance of  an  appropriation  made  by  law,  and  on  the  presentation  of 
a  warrant  issued  by  the  auditor  thereon:  and  no  money  shall  be 
diverted  from  any  appropriation  made  for  any  purpose,  or  taken 
from  any  fund  whatever,  either  by  joint  or  separate  resolution.  The 
auditor  shall,  within  60  days  after  the  adjournment  of  each  session 
of  the  general  assembly,  prepare  and  publish  a  full  statement  of  all 
money  expended  at  such  session,  specifying  the  amount  of  each  item, 
and  to  whom  and  for  what  paid. 

§  18.  Each  general  assembly  shall  provide  for  all  the  appro- 
priations necessary  for  the  ordinary  and  contingent  expenses  of  the 
government  until  the  expiration  of  the  first  fiscal  quarter  after  the 
Adjournment  of  the  next  regular  session,  the  aggregate  amount  of 
which  shall  not  be  increased  without  a  vote  of  two-thirds  of  the 
members  elected  to  each  house,  nor  exceed  the  amount  of  revenue 
authorized  by  law  to  be  raised  in  such  time;  and  all  appropriations, 
general  or  special,  requiring  money  to  be  paid  out  of  the  State 
Treasury,  from  funds  belonging  to  the  State,  shall  end  with  such 
fiscal  quarter:  Provided,  the  State  may,  to  meet  casual  deficits  or 
failures  in  revenues,  contract  debts,  never  to  exceed  in  the  aggregate 
$250,000;  and  moneys  thus  borrowed  shall  be  applied  to  the  purpose 
for  which  they  were  obtained,  or  to  pay  the  debt  thus  created,  and  to 
no  other  purpose;  and  no  other  debt,  except  for  the  purpose  of  re- 
pelling invasion,  suppressing  insurrection,  or  defending  the  State  in 
war  (for  payment  of  which  the  faith  of  the  tstate  shall  be  pledged), 
shall  be  contracted,  unless  the  law  authorizing  the  same  shall,  at  a 
general  election,  have  been  submitted  to  the  people,  and  have  re- 
ceived a  majority  of  the  votes  cast  for  members  of  the  general  assem- 
bly at  such  election.  The  general  assembly  shall  provide  for  the 
publication  of  said  law  for  three  months,  at  least,  before  the  vote  of 
the  people  shall  be  taken  upon  the  same ;  and  provision  shall  be  made, 
at  the  time,  for  the  payment  of  the  interest  annually,  as  it  shall  accrue, 
by  a  tax  levied  for  the  purpose,  or  from  other  sources  of  revenue; 


CONSTITUTION   OF   THE   STATE   OF   ILLINOIS.       145 

which  law,  providing  for  the  payment  of  such  interest  by  such  tax, 
shall  be  irrepealable  until  such  debt  be  paid:  And  provided  further, 
that  the  law  levying  the  tax  shall  be  submitted  to  the  people  with  the 
law  authorizing  the  debt  to  be  contracted. 

§  19.  The  general  assembly  shall  never  grant  or  authorize  extra 
compensation,  fee  or  allowance  to  any  public  officer,  agent,  servant 
or  contractor,  after  service  has  been  rendered  or  a  contract  made,  nor 
authorize  the  payment  of  any  claim,  or  part  thereof,  hereafter  created 
against  the  State  under  any  agreement  or  contract  made  without  ex- 
press authority  of  law;  and  all  such  unauthorized  agreements  or 
contracts  shall  be  null  and  void.  Provided,  the  general  assembly  may 
make  appropriations  for  expenditures  incurred  in  suppressing  insur- 
rection or  repelling  invasion. 

§  20.  The  State  shall  never  pay,  assume,  or  become  responsible 
for  the  debts  or  liabilities  of,  or  in  any  manner  give,  loan  or  extend 
its  credit  to,  or  in  aid  of  any  public  or  other  corporation,  association 
or  individual. 

PAY  OF  MEMBERS. 

§  21.  The  members  of  the  general  assembly  shall  receive  for 
their  services  the  sum  of  $5  per  day  during  the  first  session  held  un- 
der this  constitution,  and  10  cents  for  each  mile  necessarily  traveled 
in  going  to  and  returning  from  the  seat  of  government,  to  be  com- 
puted by  the  auditor  of  public  accounts;  and  thereafter  such  com- 
pensation as  shall  be  prescribed  by  law,  and  no  other  allowance  or 
emolument,  directly  or  indirectly,  for  any  purpose  whatever;  except 
the  sum  of  $50  per  session  to  each  member,  which.shall  be  in  full  for 
postage,  stationery,  newspapers,  and  all  other  incidental  expenses 
and  perquisites;  but  no  change  shall  be  made  in  the  compensation  of 
members  of  the  general  assembly  during  the  term  for  which  they 
may  have  been  elected.  The  pay  and  mileage  allowed  to  each  mem- 
ber of  the  general  assembly  shall  be  certified  by  the  speaker  of  their 
respective  houses,  and  entered  on  the  journals  and  published  at  the 
close  of  each  session. 

SPECIAL  LEGISLATION  PROHIBITED. 

§  22.    The  general  assembly  shall  not  pass  local  or  special  laws  in 
any  of  the  following  enumerated  cases,  that  is  to  say  :  for — 
Granting  divorces; 

Changing  the  names  of  persons  or  places ; 
Laying  out,  opening,  altering,  and  working  roads  or  highways,, 
Vacating  roads,  town  plats,  streets,  alleys  and  public  grounds; 
Locating  or  changing  county  seats ; 


146  CRAWFORD'S  CIVIL  GOVERNMENT. 

Regulating  county  and  township  affairs; 

Regulating  the  practice  in  courts  of  justice  ; 

Regulating  the  jurisdiction  and  duties  of  justices  of  the  peyee,  po. 
lice  magistrates  and  constables; 

Providing  for  changes  of  venue  in  civil  and  criminal  cases; 

Incorporating  cities,  towns  or  villages,  or  changing  or  amending 
the  charter  of  any  town,  city  or  village; 

Providing  for  the  election  of  members  of  the  board  of  supervisors 
in  townships,  incorporated  towns  or  cities; 

Summoning  or  impaneling  grand  or  petit  juries; 

Providing  for  the  management  of  common  schools; 

Regulating  the  rate  of  interest  on  money  ; 

The  opening  and  conducting  of  any  election,  or  designating  the 
place  of  voting; 

The  sale  or  mortgage  of  real  estate  belonging  to  minors  or  others 
under  disability; 

The  protection  of  game  or  fish; 

Chartering  or  licensing  ferries  or  toll  bridges  ; 

Remitting  fines,  penalties  or  forfeitures ; 

Creating,  increasing  or  decreasing  fees,  percentage  or  allowances 
of  public  officers  during  the  term  for  which  said  officers  are  elected 
or  appointed; 

Changing  the  law  of  descent; 

Granting  to  any  corporation,  association  or  individual  the  right  to 
lay  down  railroad  tracks,  or  amending  existing  charters  for  such 
purpose; 

Granting  to  any  corporation,  association  or  individual  any  special 
or  exclusive  privilege,  immunity  or  franchise  whatever; 

In  all  other  cases  where  a  general  law  can  be  made  applicable,  no 
special  law  shall  be  enacted. 

§  23.  The  general  assembly  shall  have  no  power  to  release  or  ex- 
tinguish, in  whole  or  in  part,  the  indebtedness,  liability,  or  obligation 
of  any  corporation  or  individual  to  this  state  or  to  any  municipal 
corporation  therein. 

IMPEACHMENT. 

§  24.  The  house  of  representatives  shall  have  the  sole  power  of 
impeachment;  but  a  majority  of  all  the  members  elected  must  concur 
therein.  All  impeachments  shall  be  tried  by  the  senate  ;  and  when 
sitting  for  that  purpose  the  senators  shall  be  upon  oath,  or  affirma- 
tion, to  do  justice  according  to  law  and  evidence.  When  the  gover- 
nor of  the  State  is  tried  the  chief  justice  shall  preside.  No  person 


CONSTITUTION   OP  THE   STATE   OP  ILLINOIS.       147 

shall  be  convicted  without  the  concurrence  of  two  thirds  of  the  sena- 
tors .elected.  But  judgment,  in  such  cases,  shall  not  extend  further 
than  removal  from  office  and  disqualification  to  hold  any  office  o£ 
honor,  profit  or  trust  under  the  government  of  this  State.  The 
party,  whether  convicted  or  acquitted,  shall,  nevertheless,  be  liable  to 
prosecution,  trial,  judgment  and  punishment  according  to  law. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

§  25.  The  general  assembly  shall  provide,  by  law,  that  the  fuel, 
stationery,  and  printing  paper  furnished  for  the  use  of  the  State;  the 
copying,  printing,  binding  and  distributing  the  laws  and  journals, 
and  all  other  printing  ordered  by  the  general  assembly,  shall  be  let 
by  contract  to  the  lowest  responsible  bidder ;  but  the  general  as- 
sembly shall  fix  a  maximum  price  ;  and  no  member  thereof,  or  other 
officer  of  the  State,  shall  be  interested,  directly  or  indirectly,  in  such 
contract.  But  all  such  contracts  shall  be  subject  to  the  approval  of 
the  governor,  and  if  he  disapproves  the  same  there  shall  be  a  re- 
letting  of  the  contract,  in  such  a  manner  as  shall  be  prescribed  by 
law. 

§  26.  The  State  of  Illinois  shall  never  be  made  defendant  in  any 
court  of  law  or  equity. 

§  27.  The  general  assembly  shall  have  no  power  to  authorize 
-lotteries  or  gift  enterprises,  for  any  purpose,  and  shall  pass  laws  to 
prohibit  the  sale  of  lottery  or  gift  enterprise  tickets  in  this  State. 

§  28.  No  law  shall  be  passed  which  shall  operate  to  extend  the 
term  of  any  public  officer  after  his  election  or  appointment. 

§  29.  It  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  general  assembly  to  pass  such 
laws  as  may  be  necessary  for  the  protection  of  operative  miners,  by 
providing  for  ventilation,  when  the  same  may  be  required,  and  the 
construction  of  escapement  shafts  or  such  other  appliances  as  may 
secure  safety  in  all  coal  mines,  and  to  provide  for  the  enforcement  of 
said  laws  by  such  penalties  and  punishments  as  may  be  deemed 
proper. 

§  30.  The  general  assembly  may  provide  for  establishing  and 
opening  roads  and  cartways,  connected  with  a  public  road,  for  pri- 
vate and  public  use. 

§  31.  The  general  assembly  may  pass  laws  permitting  the  owners 
or  occupants  of  lands  to  construct  drains  and  ditches,  for  agricultural 
and  sanitary  purposes,  across  the  lands  of  others. 

§  32.  The  general  assembly  shall  pass  liberal  homestead  and  ex- 
emption laws. 

§  33.    The  general  assembly  shall  not  appropriate  out  of  the  State 


148  CRAWFORD'S  CIVIL  GOVERNMENT. 

treasury,  or  expend  on  account  of  the  new  capitol  grounds,  and  con- 
struction, completion,  and  furnishing  of  the  new  State  house,  a  sum 
exceeding  in  the  aggregate,  $8,500,000  inclusive  of  all  appropriations 
heretofore  made,  without  first  submitting  the  proposition  for  an  ad- 
ditional expenditure  to  the  legal  voters  of  the  State,  at  a  general  elec- 
tion; nor  unless  a  majority  of  all  the  votes  cast  at  such  election  shall 
be  for  the  proposed  additional  expenditure. 

ARTICLE  V.— EXECUTIVE  DEPARTMENT. 

§  1.  The  executive  department  shall  consist  of  a  Governor, 
Lieuteuant-Governor,  Secretary  of  State,  Auditor  of  Public  Ac- 
counts, Treasurer,  Superintendent  of  Public  Instruction,  and  Attor- 
ney-General, who  shall,  each,  with  the  exception  of  the  Treasurer, 
hold  his  office  for  the  term  of  four  years  from  the  second  Monday  of 
January  next  after  his  election,  and  until  his  successor  is  elected  and 
qualified.  They  shall,  except  the  Lieutenant-Governor,  reside  at  the 
seat  of  government  during  their  term  of  office,  and  keep  the  pub- 
lic records,  books  and  papers  there,  and  shall  perform  such  duties  as 
may  be  prescribed  by  law. 

§  2.  The  Treasurer  shall  hold  his  office  for  the  term  of  two 
years,  and  until  his  successor  is  elected  and  qualified  ;  and  shall  be 
ineligible  to  said  office  for  two  years  next  after  the  end  of  the  term 
for  which  he  was  elected.  He  may  be  required  by  the  Governor  to 
give  reasonable  additional  security,  and  in  default  of  so  doing  his 
office  shall  be  deemed  vacant. 

ELECTION. 

§  3.  An  election  for  Governor,  Lieutenant-Governor,  Secretary 
of  State,  Auditor  of  Public  Accounts,  and  Attorney-General,  shall  be 
held  on  the  Tuesday  next  after  the  first  Monday  of  November,  in  the 
year  of  our  Lord  1872,  and  every  four  years  thereafter  ;  for  Superin- 
tendent of  Public  Instruction,  on  the  Tuesday  next  after  the  first 
Monday  of  November,  in  the  year  1870,  and  every  four  years  there- 
after ;  and  for  Treasurer,  on  the  day  last  above  mentioned,  and  every 
two  years  thereafter,  at  such  places  and  in  such  manner  as  may  be 
prescribed  by  law. 

§  4.  The  returns  of  every  election  for  the  above-named  officers 
shall  be  sealed  up  and  transmitted,  by  the  returning  officers,  to  the 
Secretary  of  State,  directed  to  "  The  Speaker  of  the  House  of  Repre- 
sentatives," who  shall,  immediately  after  the  organization  of  the 
house,  and  before  proceeding  to  other  business,  open  and  publish  the 
same  in  the  presence  of  a  majority  of  each  house  of  the  general  as- 


CONSTITUTION   OP   THE   STATE   OF   ILLINOIS.       149 

sembly,  who  shall,  for  that  purpose,  assemble  in  the  hall  of  the  house 
of  representatives.  The  person  having  the  highest  number  of  votes 
for  either  of  said  offices  shall  be  declared  duly  elected  ;  but  if  two  or 
more  have  an  equal  and  the  highest  number  of  votes,  the  general  as- 
sembly shall,  by  joint  ballot,  choose  one  of  such  persons  for  said 
office.  Contested  elections  for  all  of  said  offices  shall  be  determined 
by  both  houses  of  the  general  assembly,  by  joint  ballot,  in  such  man- 
ner as  may  be  prescribed  by  law. 

ELIGIBILITY. 

§  5.  No  person  shall  be  eligible  to  the  office  of  governor  or  lieu- 
tenant-governor'who  shall  not  have  attained  the  age  of  30  years,  and 
been  for  five  years  next  preceding  his  election  a  citizen  of  the  United 
States  and  of  this  State.  Neither  the  governor,  lieutenant-governor, 
auditor  of  public  accounts,  secretary  of  State,  superintendent  of  pub. 
lie  instruction,  nor  attorney-general  shall  be  eligible  to  any  other 
office  during  the  period  for  which  he  shall  have  been  elected. 

GOVERNOR. 

§  6.  The  supreme  executive  power  shall  be  vested  in  the  gov- 
ernor, who  shall  take  care  that  the  laws  be  faithfully  executed. 

§  7.  The  governor  shall,  at  the  commencement  of  each  sessi  >n, 
and  at  the  close  of  his  term  of  office,  give  to  the  general  assembly  in- 
formation, by  message,  of  the  condition  of  the  State,  and  shall  recom- 
mend such  measures  as  he  shall  deem  expedient.  He  shall  account 
to  the  general  assembly,  and  accompany  his  message  with  a  statement 
of  all  moneys  received  and  paid  out  by  him  from  any  funds  subject 
to  his  order,  with  vouchers,  and,  at  the  commencement  of  each  regu- 
lar session  present  estimates  of  the  amount  of  money  required  to  be 
raised  by  taxation  for  all  purposes. 

§  8.  The  governor  may,  on  extraordinary  occasions,  convene  the 
general  assembly,  by  proclamation,  stating  therein  the  purpose  for 
which  they  are  convened  ;  and  the  general  assembly  shall  enter  upon 
no  business  except  that  for  which  they  were  called  together. 

§  9.  In  case  of  a  disagreement  between  the  two  houses  with  re- 
spect to  the  time  of  adjournment,  the  governor  may,  on  the  same 
being  certified  to  him,  by  the  house  first  moving  the  adjournment, 
adjourn  the  general  assembly  to  such  time  as  he  thinks  proper,  not 
beyond  the  first  day  of  the  next  regular  session. 

§  10.  The  governor  shall  nominate,  and  by  and  with  the  advice 
and  consent  of  the  senate  (a  majority  of  all  the  senators  elected  con- 
curring by  yeas  and  nays),  appoint  all  officers  whose  offices  are  estab- 


150  CEAWPOKD'S  CIVIL  GOVERNMENT 

lished  by  this  constitution,  or  which  may  be  created  by  law,  and  whose 
appointment  or  election  is  not  otherwise  provided  for  ;  and  no  such 
officer  shall  be  appointed  or  elected  by  the  general  assembly. 

§  11.  In  case  of  a  vacancy,  during  the  recess  of  the  senate,  in  any 
office  which  is  not  elective,  the  governor  shall  make  a  temporary 
appointment  until  the  next  meeting  of  the  senate,  when  he  shall  nom- 
inate some  person  to  fill  such  office  ;  and  any  person  so  nominated, 
who  is  confirmed  by  the  senate  (a  majority  of  all  the  senators  elected 
concurring  by  yeas  and  nays),  shall  hold  his  office  during  the  remain- 
der of  the  term,  and  until  his  successor  shall  be  appointed  and  quali- 
fied. No  person,  after  being  rejected  by  the  senate,  shall  be  again 
nominated  for  the  same  office  at  the  same  session,  unless  at  the  request 
of  the  senate,  or  be  appointed  to  the  same  office  during  the  recess  of 
the  general  assembly. 

§  12.  The  governor  shall  have  power  to  remove  any  officer  whom 
he  may  appoint,  in  case  of  incompetency,  neglect  of  duty,  or  mal- 
feasance in  office  ;  and  he  may  declare  his  office  vacant,  and  fill  the 
same  as  is  herein  provided  in  other  cases  of  vacancy. 

§  13.  The  governor  shall  have  power  to  grant  reprieves,  commu- 
tations and  pardons,  after  conviction,  for  all  offenses  subject  to  such 
regulations  as  may  be  provided  by  law  relative  to  the  manner  of  ap- 
plying therefor. 

§  14.  The  governor  shall  be  commander-in-chief  of  the  military 
and  naval  forces  of  the  State  (except  when  they  shall  be  called  into 
the  service  of  the  United  States) ;  and  may  call  out  the  same  to 
execute  the  laws,  suppress  insurrection,  and  repel  invasion. 

§  15.  The  governor,  and  all  civil  officers  of  this  State,  shall  be 
liable  to  impeachment  for  any  misdemeanor  in  office. 

VETO. 

§  16.  Every  bill  passed  by  the  general  assembly  shall,  before  it 
becomes  a  law,  be  presented  to  the  governor.  If  he  approve,  he  shall 
sign  it,  and  thereupon  it  shall  become  a  law  ;  but  if  he  do  not  approve, 
he  shall  return  it,  with  his  objections,  to  the  house  in  which  it  shall 
have  originated,  which  house  shall  enter  the  objections  at  large  upon 
its  journal,  and  proceed  to  reconsider  the  bill.  If,  then,  two-thirds 
of  the  members  elected  agree  to  pass  the  same,  it  shall  be  sent,  to- 
gether with  the  objections,  to  the  other  house,  by  which  it  shall  like- 
wise be  reconsidered  ;  and  if  approved  by  two-thirds  of , the  members 
elected  to  that  house,  it  shall  become  a  law,  notwithstanding  the 
objections  of  the  governor.  But  in  all  such  cases  the  vote  of  each 
house  shall  be  determined  by  yeas  and  nays,  to  be  entered  on  the 


CONSTITUTION  OF  THE  STATE  OF  ILLINOIS.       151 

journal.  Any  bill  which  shall  not  be  returned  by  the  governor 
within  ten  days  (Sundays  excepted)  after  it  shall  have  been  presented 
to  him,  shall  become  a  law  in  like  manner  as  if  he  had  signed  it,  un. 
less  the  general  assembly  shall,  by  their  adjournment,  prevent  its 
return ;  in  which  case  it  shall  be  filed,  with  his  objections,  in  the 
office  of  the  secretary  of  State,  within  ten  days  after  such  adjourn- 
ment, or  become  a  law. 

LIEUTENANT-GOVERNOR. 

§  17.  In  case  of  death,  conviction  on  impeachment,  failure  to 
qualify,  resignation,  absence  from  the  State,  or  other  disability  of  the 
governor,  the  powers,  duties  and  emoluments  of  the  office  for  the 
residue  of  the  term,  or  until  the  disability  shall  be  removed,  shall  de- 
volve upon  the  lieutenant-governor. 

§  18.  The  lieutenant-governor  shall  be  president  of  the  senate,  and 
shall  vote  only  when  the  senate  is  equally  divided.  The  senate  shall 
choose  a  president,  pro  tempore,  to  preside  in  case  of  the  absence  or 
impeachment  of  the  lieutenant-governor,  or  when  he  shall  hold  the 
office  of  governor. 

§  19.  If  there  be  no  lieutenant-governor,  or  if  the  lieutenant-gov- 
ernor shall,  for  any  of  the  causes  specified  in  §  17  of  this  article,  be- 
come incapable  of  performing  the  duties  of  the  office,  the  president  of 
the  senate  shall  act  as  governor  until  the  vacancy  is  filled  or  the  disa- 
bility removed ;  and  if  the  president  of  the  senate,  for  any  of  the 
above  named  causes,  shall  become  incapable  of  performing  the  duties 
of  governor,  the  same  shall  devolve  upon  the  speaker  of  the  house 
of  representatives. 

OTHER  STATE  OFFICERS. 

§  20.  If  the  office  of  auditor  of  public  accounts,  treasurer,  secre- 
tary of  State,  attorney -general,  or  superintendent  of  public  instruction 
shall  be  vacated  by  death,  resignation  or  otherwise,  it  shall  be  the 
duty  of  the  governor  to  fill  the  same  by  appointment,  and  the 
appointee  shall  hold  his  office  until  his  successor  shall  be  elected  and 
qualified  in  such  manner  as  may  be  provided  by  law.  An  account 
shall  be  kept  by  the  officers  of  the  executive  department,  and  of  all 
the  public  institutions  of  the  State,  of  all  moneys  received  or  dis- 
bursed by  them,  severally,  from  all  sources,  and  for  every  service 
performed,  and  a  semi-annual  report  thereof  be  made  to  the  governor, 
under  oath ;  and  any  officer  who  makes  a  false  report  shall  be  guilty 
of  perjury,  and  punished  accordingly. 

§  21.  The  officers  of  the  executive  department,  and  of  all  the 
public  institutions  of  the  State,  shall,  at  least  ten  days  preceding  each 


152  CRAWFORD'S  CIVIL  GOVERNMENT. 

regular  session  of  the  general  assembly,  severally  report  to  the  gov- 
ernor,  who  shall  transmit  such  reports  to  the  general  assembly, 
together  with  the  reports  of  the  judges  of  the  supreme  court  of  the 
defects  in  the  constitution  and  laws ;  and  the  governor  may  at  any 
time  require  information,  in  writing,  under  oath,  from  the  officers  of 
the  executive  department,  and  all  officers  and  managers  of  State  in- 
stitutions, upon  any  subject  relating  to  the  condition,  management 
and  expenses  of  their  respective  offices. 

THE  SEAL  OF  STATE. 

§  22.  There  shall  be  a  seal  of  the  State,  which  shall  be  called 
the  "  Great  Seal  of  the  State  of  Illinois,"  which  shall  be  kept  by  the 
secretary  of  State,  and  used  by  him,  officially,  as  directed  by  law. 

FEES  AND  SALAEIES. 

§  23.  The  officers  named  in  this  article  shall  receive  for  their 
services  a  salary,  to  be  established  by  law,  which  shall  not  be  in- 
creased or  diminished  during  their  official  terms,  and  they  shall  not, 
after  the  expiration  of  the  terms  of  those  in  office  at  the  adoption  of 
this  constitution,  receive  to  their  own  use  any  fees,  costs,  perquisites 
of  office,  or  other  compensation.  And  all  fees  that  may  hereafter  be 
payable  by  law  for  any  service  performed  by  any  officer  provided  for 
in  this  article  of  the  constitution,  shall  be  paid  in  advance  into  the 
State  treasury. 

DEFINITION  AND  OATH  OF  OFFICE. 

§  24.  An  office  is  a  public  position  created  by  the  constitution  or 
law,  continuing  duriug  the  pleasure  of  the  appointing  power,  or  for 
a  fixed  time,  with  a  successor  elected  or  appointed.  An  employment 
is  an  agency,  for  a  temporary  purpose,  which  ceases  when  that  pur- 
pose is  accomplished. 

§  25.  All  civil  officers,  except  members  of  the  general  assembly, 
and  such  inferior  officers  as  may  be  by  law  exempted,  shall,  before 
they  enter  on  the  duties  of  their  respective  offices,  take  and  subscribe 
the  following  oath  or  affirmation: 

"  I  do  solemnly  swear  (or  affirm,  as  the  case  may  be)  that  I  will 
support  the  constitution  of  the  United  States,  and  the  constitution  of 
the  State  of  Illinois,  and  that  I  will  faithfully  discharge  the  duties  of 
the  office  of according  to  the  best  of  my  ability." 

And  no  other  oath,  declaration  or  test  shall  be  required  as  s; 
qualification. 


CONSTITUTION  OP  THE  STATE   OF   ILLINOIS.       153 

ARTICLE  VI.— JUDICIAL  DEPARTMENT. 

§'1.  The  Judicial  powers,  except  as  in  this  article  is  otherwise 
provided,  shall  be  vested  in  one  supreme  court,  circuit  courts,  county 
courts,  justices  of  the  peace,  police  magistrates,  and  in  such  courts  as 
may  be  created  by  law  in  and  for  cities  and  incorporated  towns. 

SUPREME  COURT. 

§  2.  The  supreme  court  shall  consist  of  seven  judges,  and  shall 
have  original  jurisdiction  in  cases  relating  to  the  revenue,  in  man- 
damus and  habeas  corpus,  and  appellate  jurisdiction  in  all  other  cases. 
One  of  said  judges  shall  be  chief  justice;  four  shall  constitute  a  quo- 
rum, and  the  concurrence  of  four  shall  be  necessary  to  every  decision. 

§  3.  No  person  shall  be  eligible  to  the  office  of  judge  of  the 
supreme  court  unless  he  shall  be  at  least  30  years  of  age,  and  a  citizen 
of  the  United  States,  nor  unless  he  shall  have  resided  in  this  State 
five  years  next  preceding  his  election,  and  be  a  resident  of  the  district 
in  which  he  shall  be  elected. 

§  4.  Terms  of  the  supreme  court  shall  continue  to  be  held  in  the 
present  grand  divisions  at  the  several  places  now  provided  lor  holding 
the  same;  and  until  otherwise  provided  by  law,  one  or  more  terms  of 
said  court  shall  be  held,  for  the  northern  division,  in  the  city  of 
Chicago,  each  year,  at  such  times  as  said  court  may  appoint,  when- 
ever said  city  or  the  county  of  Cook  shall  provide  appropriate  rooms 
therefor,  and  the  use  of  a  suitable  library,  without  expense  to  the 
State.  The  judicial  divisions  may  be  altered,  increased  or  diminished 
in  number,  and  the  times  and  places  of  holding  said  court  may  be 
changed  by  law. 

§  5.  The  present  grand  divisions  shall  be  preserved,  and  be 
denominated  Southern,  Central  and  Northern,  until  otherwise  pro- 
vided by  law.  The  State  shall  be  divided  into  seven  districts  for  the 
election  of  judges,  and,  until  otherwise  provided  by  law,  they  shall 
be  as  follows: 

First  District. — The  counties  of  St.  Clair,  Clinton,  Washington, 
Jefferson,  Wayne,  Edwards,  Wabash,  White,  Hamilton,  Franklin, 
Perry,  Randolph,  Monroe,  Jackson,  Williamson,  Saline,  Gallatin, 
Hardin,  Pope,  Union,  Johnson.  Alexander,  Pulaski  and  Massac. 

Second  District. — The  counties  of  Madison,  Bond,  Marion,  Clay, 
Richland,  Lawrence,  Crawford,  Jasper,  Effingham,  Fayette,  Mont- 
gomery, Macoupin,  Shelby,  Cumberland,  Clark,  Greene,  Jersey, 
Calhoun  and  Christian. 

Third  District. — The  counties  of  Sangamon,  Macon,  Logan,  De 


154  CRAWFORD'S  CIVIL  GOVERNMENT. 

Witt,  Piatt,  Douglas,  Champaign,  Vermillion,  McLean,  Livingston, 
Ford,  Iroquois,  Coles,  Edgar,  Moultrie  and  Tazewell. 

Fourth  District. — The  counties  of  Fulton,  McDonough,  Hancock, 
Schuyler,  Brown,  Adams,  Pike,  Mason,  Menard,  Morgan,  Cass  and 
Scott. 

Fifth  District. — The  counties  of  Knox,  Warren,  Henderson, 
Mercer,  Henry,  Stark,  Peoria,  Marshall,  Putnam,  Bureau,  La  Salle, 
Grundy  and  Woodford. 

Sixth  District. — The  counties  of  Whiteside,  Carroll,  Jo  Daviess, 
Stephenson,  Winnebago,  Boone,  McHenry,  Kane,  Kendall,  De  Kalb, 
Lee,  Ogle  and  Rock  Island. 

Seventh  District. — The  counties  of  Lake,  Cook,  Will,  Kankakee 
and  Du  Page. 

The  boundaries  of  the  districts  may  be  changed  at  the  session  of 
the  general  assembly  next  preceding  the  election  for  judges  therein, 
and  at  no  other  time;  but  whenever  such  alteration  shall  be  made, 
the  same  shall  be  upon  the  rule  of  equality  of  population,  as  nearly 
as  county  boundaries  will  allow,  and  the  districts  shall  be  composed 
of  contiguous  counties,  in  as  nearly  compact  form  as  circumstances 
will  permit.  The  alteration  of  the  districts  shall  not  affect  the  tenure 
of  office  of  any  judge. 

§  6.  At  the  time  of  voting  on  the  adoption  of  this  constitution, 
one  judge  of  the  supreme  court  shall  be  elected  by  the  electors 
thereof,  in  each  of  said  districts  numbered  two,  three,  six  and  seven, 
who  shall  hold  his  office  for  the  term  of  nine  years  from  the  first 
Monday  of  June,  in  the  year  of  our  Lord  1870.  The  term  of  office 
of  judges  of  the  supreme  court,  elected  after  the  adoption  of  this 
constitution,  shall  be  nine  years;  and  on  the  first  Monday  of  June  of 
the  year  in  which  the  term  of  any  of  the  judges  in  office  at  the  adop- 
tion of  this  constitution,  or  of  the  judges  then  elected,  shall  expire, 
and  every  nine  years  thereafter,  there  shall  be  an  election  for  the 
successor  or  successors  of  such  judges,  in  the  respective  districts 
wherein  the  term  of  such  judges  shall  expire.  The  chief  justice  shall 
continue  to  act  as  such  until  the  expiration  of  the  term  for  which  he 
was  elected,  after  which  the  judges  shall  choose  one  of  their  number 
chief  justice. 

§  7.  From  and  after  the  adoption  of  this  constitution,  the  judges 
of  the  supreme  court  shall  each  receive  a  salary  of  $4,000  per 
annum,  payable  quarterly,  until  otherwise  provided  by  law.  And 
after  said  salaries  shall  be  fixed  by  law,  the  salaries  of  the  judges  in 
office  shall  not  be  increased  or  diminished  during  the  terms  for 
which  said  judges  have  been  elected. 


CONSTITUTION   OF   THE   STATE   OF   ILLINOIS.       155 

§  8.  Appeals  and  writs  of  error  may  be  taken  to  the  supreme 
court  held  in  the  grand  division  in  which  the  case  is  decided,  or,  by 
consent  of  the  parties,  to  any  other  grand  division. 

§  9.  The  supreme  court  shall  appoint  one  reporter  of  its  decis- 
ions, who  shall  hold  his  office  for  six  years,  subject  to  removal  by 
the  court. 

§  10.  At  the  time  of  the  election  for  representatives  in  the  general 
assembly,  happening  next  preceding  the  expiration  of  the  terms  of 
office  of  the  present  clerks  of  said  court,  one  clerk  of  said  court  for 
each  division  shall  be  elected,  whose  term  of  office  shall  be  for  six 
years  from  said  election,  but  who  shall  not  enter  upon  the  duties  of 
his  office  until  the  expiration  of  the  term  of  his  predecessor,  and  every 
six  years  thereafter  one  clerk  of  said  court  for  each  division  shall  be 
elected. 

APPELLATE   COURTS. 

§11.  After  the  year  of  our  Lord  1874,  inferior  appellate  courts, 
of  uniform  organization  and  jurisdiction,  may  be  created  in  districts 
formed  for  that  purpose,  to  which  such  appeals  and  writs  of  error  as 
the  general  assembly  may  provide  may  be  prosecuted  from  circuit  and 
other  courts,  and  from  which  appeals  and  writs  of  error  shall  lie  to 
the  supreme  court,  in  all  criminal  cases,  and  cases  in  which  a  fran- 
chise, or  freehold,  or  the  validity  of  a  statute  is  involved,  and  in  such 
other  cases  as  may  be  provided  by  law.  Such  appellate  courts  shall 
be  held  by  such  number  of  judges  of  the  circuit  courts,  and  at  such 
times  and  places,  and  in  such  manner,  as  may  be  provided  by  law  ; 
but  no  judge  shall  sit  in  review  upon  cases  decided  by  him  ;  nor 
shall  said  judges  receive  any  additional  compensation  for  such 
services. 

CIRCUIT   COURTS. 

§  12.  The  circuit  courts  shall  have  original  jurisdiction  of  all 
causes  in  law  and  equity,  and  such  appellate  jurisdiction  as  is  or  may 
be  provided  by  law,  and  shall  hold  two  or  more  terms  each  year  in 
every  county.  The  terms  of  office  of  judges  of  circuit  courts  shall 
be  six  years. 

§  13.  The  State,  exclusive  of  the  county  of  Cook  and  other 
counties  having  a  population  of  100,000,  shall  be  divided  into  judi- 
cial circuits  prior  to  the  expiration  of  the  terms  of  office  of  the 
present  judges  of  the  circuit  courts.  Such  circuits  shall  be  formed 
of  contiguous  counties,  in  as  nearly  compact  form  and  as  nearly  equal 
as  circumstances  will  permit,  having  due  regard  to  business,  territory 
and  population,  and  shall  not  exceed  in  number  one  circuit  for  every 
100,000  of  population  in  the  State.  One  judge  shall  be  elected  for 


156  CRAWFORD'S  CIVIL  GOVERNMENT. 

each  of  said  circuits  by  the  electors  thereof.  New  circuits  may  be 
formed  and  the  boundaries  of  circuits  changed  by  the  general  assem-* 
bly,  at  its  session  next  preceding  the  election  for  circuits  judges,  but 
at  no  other  time  ;  Provided,  that  the  circuits  may  be  equalized  or 
changed  at  the  first  session  of  the  general  assembly  after  the  adoption 
of  this  constitution.  The  creation,  alteration  or  change  of  any  cir- 
cuit shall  not  affect  the  tenure  of  office  of  any  judge.  Whenever  the 
business  of  the  circuit  court  of  any  one,  or  of  two  or  more  contiguous 
counties,  containing  a  population  exceeding  50,000,  shall  occupy 
nine  months  of  the  year,  the  general  assembly  may  make  of  such 
county  or  counties  a  separate  circuit.  Whenever  additional  circuits 
are  created,  the  foregoing  limitations  shall  be  observed. 

§  14.  The  general  assembly  shall  provide  for  the  times  of  hold- 
ing court  in  each  county,  which  shall  not  be  changed,  except  by  the 
general  assembly  next  preceding  the  general  election  for  judges  of 
said  courts  ;  but  additional  terms  may  be  provided  for  in  any  county. 
The  election  for  judges  of  the  circuit  courts  shall  be  held  on  the  first 
Monday  in  June,  in  the  year  of  our  Lord  1873,  and  every  six  years 
thereafter. 

§  15.  The  general  assembly  may  divide  the  State  into  judicial 
circuits  of  greater  population  and  territory,  in  lieu  of  the  circuits 
provided  for  in  section  13  of  this  article,  and  provide  for  the  elec- 
tion therein,  severally,  by  the  electors  thereof,  by  general  ticket,  of 
not  exceeding  four  judges,  who  shall  hold  the  circuit  courts  in  the 
circuits  for  which  they  shall  be  elected,  in  such  manner  as  may  be 
provided  by  law. 

§  16.  From  and  after  the  adoption  of  this  constitution,  judges  of 
the  circuit  courts  shall  receive  a  salary  of  $3,000  per  annum,  payable 
quarterly,  until  otherwise  provided  by  law.  And  after  their  salaries 
shall  be  fixed  by  law,  they  shall  not  be  increased  or  diminished 
during  the  terms  for  which  said  judges  shall  be,  respectively  elected; 
and  from  and  after  the  adoption  of  this  constitution,  no  judge  of  the 
supreme  or  circuit  court  shall  receive  any  other  compensation,  per- 
quisite or  benefit,  in  any  form  whatsoever,  nor  perform  any  other 
than  judicial  duties  to  which  may  belong  any  emoluments. 

§  17.  No  person  shall  be  eligible  to  the  office  of  judge  of  the  cir- 
cuit or  any  inferior  court,  or  to  membership  in  the  ' '  board  of  county 
commissioners,"  unless  he  shall  be  at  least  25  years  of  age,  and  a  citi- 
zen of  the  United  States,  nor  unless  he  shall  have  resided  in  this  State 
five  years  next  preceding  his  election,  and  be  a  resident  of  the  circuit, 
county,  city,  cities,  or  incorporated  town  in  which  he  shall  b» 
elected. 


CONSTITUTION   OF   THE   STATE   OF   ILLINOIS.       157 


COUNTY  COURTS. 

§  18.  There  shall  be  elected  in  and  for  each  county,  one  county 
judge  and  one  clerk  of  the  county  court,  whose  terms  of  office  shall  be 
four  years.  But  the  general  assembly  may  create  districts  of  two  or 
more  contiguous  counties,  in  each  of  which  shall  be  elected  one  judge, 
who  shall  take  the  place  of,  and  exercise  the  powers  and  juris- 
diction of  county  judges  in  such  districts.  County  courts  shall  be 
courts  of  record,  and  shall  have  original  jurisdiction  in  all  matters  of 
probate  ;  settlement  of  estates  of  deceased  persons  ;  appointment  of 
guardians  and  conservators,  and  settlements  of  their  accounts  ;  in  all 
matters  relating  to  apprentices,  and  in  proceedings  for  the  collection 
of  taxes  and  assessments,  and  such  other  jurisdiction  as  may  be  pro- 
vided for  by  general  law. 

§  19.  Appeals  and  writs  of  error  shall  be  allowed  from  final 
determinations  of  county  courts,  as  may  be  provided  by  law. 

PROBATE  COURTS. 

§  20.  The  general  assembly  may  provide  for  the  establishment  of 
a  probate  court  in  each  county  having  a  population  of  over  50,000, 
and  for  the  election  of  a  judge  thereof,  whose  term  of  office  shall  be 
the  same  as  that  of  the  county  judge,  and  who  shall  be  elected  at  the 
same  time  and  in  the  same  manner.  Said  courts,  when  established, 
shall  have  original  jurisdiction  of  all  probate  matters,  the  settlement 
of  estates  of  deceased  persons,  the  appointment  of  guardians,  con- 
servators, and  settlement  of  their  accounts  ;  in  all  matters  relating  to 
apprentices,  and  in  cases  of  the  sales  of  real  estate  of  deceased  per- 
sons for  the  payment  of  debts. 

JUSTICES  OF  THE  PEACE  AND  CONSTABLES. 

§  21.  Justices  of  the  peace,  police  magistrates,  and  constables 
shall  be  elected  in  and  for  such  districts  as  are,  or  may  be,  provided 
by  law,  and  the  jurisdiction  of  such  justices  of  the  peace  and  police 
magistrates  shall  be  uniform. 

STATE'S  ATTORNEYS. 

§  22.  At  the  election  for  members  of  the  general  assembly  in  the 
year  of  our  Lord  1872,  and  every  four  years  thereafter,  there  shall  be 
elected  a  State's  attorney  in  and  for  each  county,  in  lieu  of  the  State's 
attorneys  now  provided  by  law,  whose  term  of  office  shall  be  four 
years. 


158  CRAWFORD'S  CIVIL  GOVERNMENT. 


COURTS    OP    COOK    COUNTY. 

§  23.  The  county  of  Cook  shall  be  one  judicial  circuit.  The 
circuit  court  of  Cook  county  shall  consist  of  five  judges,  until  their 
number  shall  be  increased,  as  herein  provided.  The  present  judge 
of  the  recorder's  court  of  the  city  of  Chicago,  and  the  present  judge 
of  the  circuit  court  of  Cook  county,  shall  be  two  of  said  judges,  and 
shall  remain  in  office  for  the  terms  for  which  they  were  respectively 
elected,  and  until  their  successors  shall  be  elected  and  qualified.  The 
superior  court  of  Chicago  shall  be  continued,  and  called  the  superior 
court  of  Cook  county.  The  general  assembly  may  increase  the  num- 
ber of  said  judges,  by  adding  one  to  either  of  said  courts  for  every 
additional  50,000  inhabitants  in  said  county  over  and  above  a  popula- 
tion of  400,000.  The  terms  of  office  of  the  judges  of  said  courts 
hereafter  elected  shall  be  six  years. 

§  24.  The  judge  having  the  shortest  unexpired  term  shall  be 
chief  justice  of  the  court  of  which  he  is  judge.  In  case  there  are 
two  or  more  whose  terms  expire  at  the  same  time,  it  may  be  deter- 
mined by  lot  which  shall  be  chief  justice.  Any  judge  of  either 
of  said  courts  shall  have  all  the  powers  of  a  circuit  judge,  and 
may  hold  the  court  of  which  he  is  a  member.  Each  of  them  may 
hold  a  different  branch  thereof  at  the  same  time. 

§  25.  The  judges  of  the  superior  and  circuit  courts,  and  the 
State's  attorney,  in  said  county,  shall  receive  the  same  salaries,  pay- 
able out  of  the  State  treasury,  as  is  or  may  be  paid  from  said  treasury 
to  the  circuit  judges  and  the  State's  attorneys  of  the  State,  and  such 
further  compensation,  to  be  paid  by  the  said  county  of  Cook,  as  is  or 
may  be  provided  by  law  ;  such  compensation  shall  not  be  changed 
during  their  continuance  in  office. 

§  26.  The  recorder's  court  of  the  city  of  Chicago  shall  be  con- 
tinued, and  shall  be  called  the  "  criminal  court  of  Cook  county."  It 
shall  have  the  jurisdiction  of  a  circuit  court,  in  all  cases  of  criminal 
and  quasi  criminal  nature,  arising  in  the  county  of  Cook,  or  that 
may  be  brought  before  said  court  pursuant  to  law;  and  all  recogni- 
zances and  appeals  taken  in  said  county,  in  criminal  and  quasi 
criminal  cases,  shall  be  returnable  and  taken  to  said  court.  It  shall 
have  no  jurisdiction  in  civil  cases,  except  those  on  behalf  of  the 
people,  and  incident  to  such  criminal  or  quasi  criminal  matters,  and 
to  dispose  of  unfinished  business.  The  terms  of  said  criminal  court 
of  Cook  county  shall  be  held  by  one  or  more  of  the  judges  of  the 
circuit  or  superior  court  of  Cook  county,  as  nearly  as  may  be  in 


CONSTITUTION   OF   THE   STATE   OF   ILLINOIS.       159 

altercation,  as  may  be  determined  by  said  judges,  or  provided  by 
law.  Said  judges  shall  be  ex-ojficio  judges  of  said  court. 

§  27.  The  present  clerk  of  the  recorder's  court  of  the  city  of 
Chicago  shall  be  the  clerk  of  the  criminal  court  of  Cook  county 
during  the  term  for  which  he  was  elected.  The  present  clerks  of  the 
superior  courts  of  Chicago,  and  the  present  clerk  of  the  circuit  court 
of  Cook  county,  shall  continue  in  office  during  the  terms  for  which 
they  were  respectively  elected;  and  thereafter  there  shall  be  but  one 
clerk  of  the  superior  court,  to  be  elected  by  the  qualified  electors  of 
said  county,  who  shall  hold  his  office  for  the  term  of  four  years,  and 
until  his  successor  is  elected  and  qualified. 

§  28.  All  justices  of  the  peace  in  the  city  of  Chicago  shall  be 
appointed  by  the  governor,  by  and  with  the  advice  and  consent  of 
the  senate,  (but  only  upon  the  recommendation  of  a  majority  of  the 
judges  of  the  circuit,  superior  and  county  courts,)  and  for  such  dis- 
tricts as  are  now  or  shall  hereafter  be  provided  by  law.  They  shall 
hold  their  offices  for  four  years,  and  until  their  successors  have  been 
commissioned  and  qualified,  but  they  may  be  removed  by  summary 
proceedings  in  the  circuit  or  superior  courts,  for  extortion  or  other 
malfeasance.  Existing  justices  of  the  peace  and  police  magistrates 
may  hold  their  offices  until  the  expiration  of  their  respective  terms. 

GENERAL    PROVISIONS. 

§  29.  All  judicial  officers  shall  be  commissioned  by  the  governor. 
All  laws  relating  to  courts  shall  be  general,  and  of  uniform  operation; 
and  the  organization,  jurisdiction,  powers,  proceedings  and  practice 
of  all  courts,  of  the  same  class  or  grade,  as  far  as  regulated  by  law, 
and  the  force  and  effect  of  the  process,  judgments  and  decrees  of  such 
courts,  severally,  shall  be  uniform. 

§  30.  The  general  assembly  may,  for  cause  entered  on  the 
journals,  upon  due  notice  and  opportunity  of  defense,  remove  from 
office  any  judge,  upon  concurrence  of  three  fourths  of  all  the  mem- 
bers elected  of  each  house.  All  other  officers  in  this  article  mentioned 
shall  be  removed  from  office,  on  prosecution  and  final  conviction,  for 
misdemeanor  in  office. 

§  31.  All  judges  of  courts  of  record,  inferior  to  the  supreme 
court,  sli all,  on  or  before  the  first  day  of  June  of  each  year,  report  in 
writing  to  the  judges  of  the  supreme  court,  such  defects  and  omis- 
sions in  the  laws  as  their  experience  may  suggest  ;  and  the  judges  of 
the  supreme  court  shall,  on  or  before  the  first  day  of  January  of  each 
year,  report  in  writing  to  the  governor  such  defects  and  omissions 
in  the  constitution  and  laws  as  they  may  find  to  exist,  together  with 


160  CRAWFORD'S  CIVIL  GOVERNMENT. 

appropriate  forms  of  bills  to  cure  such  defects  and  omissions  in  the 
laws.  And  the  judges  of  the  several  circuit  courts  shall  report  to  the 
next  general  assembly  the  number  of  days  they  have  held  court  in 
the  several  counties  composing  their  respective  circuits  the  preceding 
two  years. 

§  32.  All  officers  provided  for  in  this  article  shall  hold  their 
offices  until  their  successors  shall  be  qualified,  and  they  shall,  respect- 
ively, reside  in  the  division,  circuit,  county  or  district  for  which 
they  may  be  elected  or  appointed.  The  terms  cf  office  of  all  such 
officers,  where  not  otherwise  prescribed  in  this  article,  shall  be  four 
years.  All  officers,  where  not  otherwise  provided  for  in  this  article, 
shall  perform  such  duties  and  receive  such  compensation  as  is  or  may 
be  provided  by  law.  Vacancies  in  such  elective  offices  shall  be  filled 
by  election  ;  but  where  the  unexpired  term  does  not  exceed  one  year, 
the  vacancy  shall  be  filled  by  appointment,  as  follows:  Of  judges,  by 
the  governor:  of  clerks  of  courts,  by  the  court  to  which  the  office 
appertains,  or  by  the  judge  or  judges  thereof;  and  of  all  such  other 
offices,  by  the  board  of  supervisors  or  board  of  county  commissioners 
in  the  county  where  the  vacancy  occurs. 

§  33.  All  process  shall  run:  In  the  name  of  the  People  of  the  State 
of  Illinois;  and  all  prosecutions  shall  be  carried  on:  In  the  name  and 
by  t7ie  authority  of  the  People  of  the  State  of  Illinois;  and  conclude  : 
Against  the  peace  and  dignity  of  the  same.  "  Population,"  wherever 
used  in  this  article,  shall  be  determined  by  the  next  preceding  census 
of  this  State,  or  of  the  United  States. 

ARTICLE  VII.— SUFFRAGE. 

§  1.  Every  person  having  resided  in  this  State  one  year,  in  the 
county  ninety  days,  and  in  the  election  district  thirty  days  next  pre- 
ceding any  election  therein,  who  was  an  elector  in  this  State  on  the 
first  day  of  April,  in  the  year  of  our  Lord  1848,  or  obtained  a  certifi- 
cate of  naturalization  before  any  court  of  record  in  this  State  prior  to 
the  first  day  of  January,  in  the  year  of  our  Lord  1870,  or  who  shall 
be  male  citizen  of  the  United  States,  above  the  age  of  twenty-one 
years,  shall  be  entitled  to  vote  at  such  election. 

§  2.    All  votes  shall  be  by  ballot. 

§  3.  Electors  shall,  in  all  cases  except  treason,  felony,  or  breach 
of  the  peace,  be  privileged  from  arrest  during  their  attendance  at 
elections,  and  in  going  to  and  returning  from  the  same.  And  no 
elector  shall  be  obliged  to  do  military  duty  on  the  days  of  election, 
except  in  time  of  war  or  public  danger. 

§  4.    No  elector  shall  be  deemed  to  have  lost  his  residence  in  this 


CONSTITUTION   OP   THE   STATE   OF   ILLINOIS.       161 

State  by  reason  of  his  absence  on  business  of  the  United  States,  or  in 
the  military  or  naval  service  of  the  United  States. 

§  5.  No  soldier,  seaman  or  marine  in  the  army  or  navy  of  the 
United  States  shall  be  deemed  a  resident  of  this  State  in  consequence 
of  being  stationed  therein. 

§  6.  No  person  shall  be  elected  or  appointed  to  any  office  in  this 
State,  civil  or  military,  who  is  not  a  citizen  of  the  United  States,  and 
who  shall  not  have  resided  in  this  State  one  year  next  preceding  the 
election  or  appointment. 

§  7.  The  general  assembly  shall  pass  laws  excluding  from  the 
right  of  suffrage  persons  convicted  of  infamous  crimes. 

ARTICLE  VIII.— EDUCATION. 

§  1.  The  general  assembly  shall  provide  a  thorough  and  efficient 
system  of  free  schools,  whereby  all  children  of  this  State  may  receive 
a  good  common-school  education. 

§  2.  All  lands,  moneys,  or  other  property,  donated,  granted,  or 
received,  for  school,  college,  seminary  or  university  purposes,  and 
the  proceeds  thereof,  shall  be  faithfully  applied  to  the  objects  for 
which  such  grants  were  made. 

§  3.  Neither  the  general  assembly,  nor  any  county,  city,  town, 
township,  school  district,  or  other  public  corporation,  shall  ever  make 
any  appropriation  or  pay  from  any  public  fund,  whatever,  anything 
in  aid  of  any  church  or  sectarian  purpose,  or  to  help  support  or  sus- 
tain any  school,  academy,  seminary,  college,  university,  or  other 
literary  or  scientific  institution,  controlled  by  any  church  or  sectarian 
denomination  whatever ;  nor  shall  any  grant  or  donation  of  land, 
money,  or  other  personal  property  ever  be  made  by  the  State  or  any 
such  public  corporation,  to  any  church,  or  for  any  sectarian  pur- 
poses. 

§  4.  No  teacher.  State,  county,  township,  or  district  school 
officer  shall  be  interested  in  the  sale,  proceeds  or  profits  of  any  book, 
apparatus  or  furniture,  used  or  to  be  used,  in  any  school  in  this 
State,  with  which  such  officer  or  teacher  may  be  connected,  under 
such  penalties  as  may  be  provided  by  the  general  assembly. 

§  5.  There  may  be  a  county  superintendent  of  schools  in  each 
county,  whose  qualifications,  powers,  duties,  compensation,  and  time 
and  manner  of  election,  and  term  of  office,  shall  be  prescribed  by  law. 

ARTICLE  IX.— REVENUE. 

§  1.  The  general  assembly  shall  provide  such  revenue  as  may 
Toe  needful  by  levying  a  tax,  by  valuation,  so  that  every  person  and 


162  CRAWFORD'S  CIVIL  GOVERNMENT. 

corporation  shall  pay  a  tax  in  proportion  to  the  value  of  his,  her  or 
its  property — such  value  to  be  ascertained  by  some  person  or  per- 
sons, to  be  elected  or  appointed  in  such  manuer  as  the  general  assem- 
bly shall  direct,  and  not  otherwise  :  but  the  general  assembly  shall 
have  power  to  tax  peddlers,  auctioneers,  brokers,  hawkers,  merchants, 
commission  merchants,  showmen,  jugglers,  inn-keepers,  grocery 
keepers,  liquor  dealers,  toll  bridges,  ferries,  insurance,  telegraph  and 
express  interests  or  business,  venders  of  patents,  and  persons  or  cor- 
porations owning  or  using  franchises  and  privileges,  in  such  manner 
as  it  shall  from  time  to  time  direct  by  general  law,  uniform  as  to  the 
class  upon  which  it  operates. 

§  2.  The  specification  of  the  objects  and  subjects  of  taxation 
shall  not  deprive  the  general  assembly  of  the  power  to  require  other 
subjects  or  objects  to  be  taxed  in  such  manner  as  may  be  consistent 
with  the  principles  of  taxation  fixed  in  this  constitution. 

§  3.  The  property  of  the  State,  counties,  and  other  municipal 
corporations,  both  real  and  personal,  and  such  other  property  as  may 
be  used  exclusively  for  agricultural  and  horticultural  societies,  for 
school,  religious,  cemetery  and  charitable  purposes,  may  be  exempted 
from  taxation  ;  but  such  exemption  shall  be  only  by  general  law.  In 
the  assessment  of  real  estate  incumbered  by  public  easement,  any 
depreciation  occasioned  by  such  easement  may  be  deducted  in  the 
valuation  of  such  property. 

§  4.  The  general  assembly  shall  provide,  in  all  cases  where  it  may 
be  necessary  to  sell  real  estate  for  the  non-payment  of  taxes  or  special 
assessments  for  State,  county,  municipal  or  other  purposes,  that  a 
return  of  such  unpaid  taxes  or  assessments  shall  be  made  to  some 
general  officer  of  the  county  having  authority  to  receive  State  and 
county  taxes  ;  and  there  shall  be  no  sale  of  said  property  for  any  of 
said  taxes  or  assessments  but  by  said  officer,  upon  the  order  or  judg- 
ment of  some  court  of  record. 

§  5.  The  right  of  redemption  from  all  sales  of  real  estate  for  the 
non-payment  of  taxes  or  special  assessments  of  any  character  what- 
ever, shall  exist  in  favor  of  owners  and  persons  interested  in  such 
real  estate  for  a  period  of  not  less  than  two  years  from  such  sales 
thereof.  And  the  general  assembly  shall  provide  by  law  for  reasona- 
ble notice  to  be  given  to  the  owners  or  parties  interested,  by  publica- 
tion or  otherwise,  of  the  fact  of  the  sale  of  the  property  for  such  taxes 
or  assessments,  and  when  the  time  of  redemption  shall  expire  :  Pro- 
vided, that  occupants  shall  in  all  cases  be  served  with  personal  notice 
before  the  time  of  redemption  expires. 

§  6.    The  general  assembly  shall  have  no  power  to  release  or  dis- 


CONSTITUTION  OP   THE   STATE   OP  ILLINOIS.       163 

charge  any  county,  city,  or  township,  town  or  district  whatever,  o? 
the  inhabitants  thereof,  or  the  property  therein,  from  their  or  its  pro- 
portionate share  of  taxes  to  be  levied  for  State  purposes,  nor  shall 
commutation  for  such  taxes  be  authorized  in  any  form  whatsoever. 

§  7.  All  taxes  levied  for  State  purposes  shall  be  paid  into  the 
State  treasury. 

§  8.  County  authorities  shall  never  assess  taxes,  the  aggregate  of 
which  shall  exceed  75  cents  per  $100  valuation,  except  for  the  pay- 
ment of  indebtedness  existing  at  the  adoption  of  this  constitution, 
unless  authorized  by  a  vote  of  the  people  of  the  county. 

§  9.  The  general  assembly  may  vest  the  corporate  authorities  of 
cities,  towns  and  villages  with  power  to  make  local  improvements  by 
special  assessment  or  by  special  taxation  of  contiguous  property,  or 
otherwise.  For  all  other  corporate  purposes,  all  municipal  corpora- 
tions may  be  vested  with  authority  to  assess  and  collect  taxes,  but 
such  taxes  shall  be  uniform  in  respect  to  persons  and  property  within 
the  jurisdiction  of  the  body  imposing  the  same. 

§  10.  The  general  assembly  shall  not  impose  taxes  upon  munici- 
pal corporations,  or  the  inhabitants  or  property  thereof,  for  corporate 
purposes,  but  shall  require  that  all  the  taxable  property  within  the 
limits  of  municipal  corporations  shall  be  taxed  for  the  payment  of 
debts  contracted  under  authority  of  law,  such  taxes  to  be  uniform  in 
respect  to  persons  and  property  within  the  jurisdiction  of  the  body 
imposing  the  same.  Private  property  shall  not  be  liable  to  be  taken 
or  sold  for  the  payment  of  the  corporate  debts  of  a  municipal  cor- 
poration. 

§  11.  No  person  who  is  in  default,  as  collector  or  custodian  of 
money  or  property  belonging  to  a  municipal  corporation  shall  be  eli- 
gible to  any  office  in  or  under  such  corporation.  The  fees,  salary  or 
compensation  of  no  municipal  officer  who  is  elected  or  appointed 
for  a  definite  term  of  office  shall  be  increased  or  diminished  during 
such  term. 

§  12.  No  county,  city,  township,  school  district,  or  other  mu- 
nicipal corporation  shall  be  allowed  to  become  indebted  in  any  man- 
ner or  for  any  purpose  to  an  amount,  including  existing  indebtedness, 
in  the  aggregate  exceeding  five  per  centum  on  the  value  of  the  taxa- 
ble property  therein,  to  be  ascertained  by  the  last  assessment  for 
State  and  county  taxes  previous  to  the  incurring  of  such  indebtedness. 
Any  county,  city,  school  district,  or  other  municipal  corporation, 
incurring  any  indebtedness  as  aforesaid,  shall,  before,  or  at  the  time 
of  doing  so,  provide  for  the  collection  of  a  direct  annual  tax  sufficient 
to  pay  the  interest  ou  such  debt  as  it  falls  due,  and  also  to  pay  and 


164:  CRAWFORD'S  CIVIL  GOVERNMENT. 

discharge  the  principal  thereof  within  twenty  years  from  the  time  of 
contracting  the  same.  This  section  shall  not  be  construed  to  prevent 
any  county,  city,  township,  school  district,  or  other  municipal  cor- 
poration from  issuing  their  bonds  in  compliance  with  any  vote  of  the 
people  which  may  have  been  had  prior  to  the  adoption  of  this  consti- 
tution in  pursuance  of  any  law  providing  therefor. 

ARTICLE  X.— COUNTIES. 

§  1.  No  new  county  shall  be  formed  or  established  by  the  gen- 
eral assembly  which  will  reduce  the  county  or  counties,  or  either  of 
them,  from  which  it  shall  be  taken,  to  less  contents  than  400  square 
miles  ;  nor  shall  any  county  be  formed  of  less  contents  :  nor  shall 
any  line  thereof  pass  within  less  than  ten  miles  of  any  county  seat  of 
the  county  or  counties  proposed  to  be  divided. 

§  2.  No  county  shall  be  divided,  or  have  any  part  stricken  there- 
from, without  submitting  the  question  to  a  vote  of  the  people  of  the 
county,  nor  unless  a  majority  of  all  the  legal  voters  of  the  county 
voting  on  the  question  shall  vote  for  the  same. 

§  3.  There  shall  be  no  territory  stricken  from  any  county,  unless 
a  majority  of  the  voters  living  in  such  territory  shall  petition  for 
such  division ;  and  no  territory  shall  be  added  to  any  county  without 
the  consent  of  the  majority  of  the  voters  of  the  county  to  which  it  is 
proposed  to  be  added.  But  the  portion  so  stricken  off  and  added  to 
another  county,  or  formed  in  whole  or  in  part  into  a  new  county, 
shall  be  holden  for,  and  obliged  to  pay,  its  proportion  of  the  indebt- 
edness of  the  county  from  which  it  has  been  taken. 

COUNTY    SEATS. 

§  4.  No  county  seat  shall  be  removed  until  the  point  to  which  it 
is  proposed  to  be  removed  shall  be  fixed  in  pursuance  of  law,  and 
three-fifths  of  the  voters  of  the  county,  to  be  ascertained  in  such 
manner  as  shall  be  provided  by  general  law,  shall  have  voted  in  favor 
of  its  removal  to  such  point;  and  no  person  shall  vote  on  such  ques- 
tion who  has  not  resided  in  the  county  six  months,  and  in  the  election 
precinct  ninety  days  next  preceding  such  election.  The  question  01 
the  removal  of  a  county  seat  shall  not  be  of  tener  submitted  than  once 
in  ten  years  to  a  vote  of  the  people.  But  when  an  attempt  is  made 
to  remove  a  county  seat  to  a  point  nearer  to  the  centre  of  a  county, 
then  a  majority  vote  only  shall  be  necessary. 

COUNTY    GOVERNMENT. 

§  5.  The  general  assembly  shall  provide,  by  general  law,  for 
township  organization,  under  which  any  county  may  organize  when- 


CONSTITUTION   OF   THE   STATE   OF   ILLINOIS.        165 

ever  a  majority  of  the  legal  voters  of  such  county,  voting  at  any 
general  election,  shall  so  determine,  and  whenever  any  county  shall 
adopt  township  organization,  so  much  of  this  constitution  as  provides 
for  the  management  of  the  fiscal  concerns  of  the  said  county  by  the 
board  of  county  commissioners,  may  be  dispensed  with,  and  the 
affairs  of  said  county  may  be  transacted  in  snch  a  manner  as  the 
general  assembly  may  provide.  And  in  any  county  that  shall  have 
adopted  a  township  organization  the  question  of  continuing  the  same 
may  be  submitted  to  a  vote  of  the  electors  of  such  county  at  a  general 
election,  in  the  manner  that  now  is  or  may  be  provided  by  law;  and 
if  a  majority  of  all  the  votes  cast  upon  that  question  shall  be  against 
township  organization,  then  such  organization  shall  cease  in  said 
county;  and  all  laws  in  force  in  relation  to  counties  not  having  town- 
ship  organization  shall  immediately  take  effect  and  be  in  force  in 
such  county.  No  two  townships  shall  have  the  same  name,  and  the 
day  of  holding  the  annual  township  meeting  shall  be  uniform  through- 
out the  State. 

§  6.  At  the  first  election  of  county  judges  under  this  constitution 
there  shall  be  elected  in  each  of  the  counties  of  this  State,  not  under 
township  organization,  three  officers,  who  shall  be  styled  "The 
Board  of  County  Commissioners,"  who  shall  hold  sessions  for  the 
transaction  of  county  business  as  shall  be  provided  by  law.  One  of 
said  commissioners  shall  hold  his  office  for  one  year,  one  for  two 
years,  and  one  for  three  years,  to  be  determined  by  lot ;  and  every 
year  thereafter  one  such  officer  shall  be  elected  in  each  of  said  coun- 
ties for  the  term  of  three  years. 

§  7.  The  county  affairs  of  Cook  county  shall  be  managed  by  a 
board  of  commissioners  of  fifteen  persons,  ten  of  whom  shall  be 
elected  from  the  city  of  Chicago  and  five  from  towns  outside  of  said 
city,  in  such  manner  as  may  be  provided  by  law. 

COUNTY   OFFICERS    AND    THEIR    COMPENSATION. 

*  §  8.  In  each  county  there  shall  be  elected  the  following  county 
officers,  at  the  general  election  to  be  held  on  the  Tuesday  after  the 
first  Monday  in  November  A.D.  1882 :  A  county  judge,  county  clerk, 
sheriff  and  treasurer  ;  and  at  the  election  to  be  held  on  the  Tuesday 
after  the  first  Monday  iu  November  A.D.  1884,  a  coroner  and  clerk  of 
the  circuit  court  (who  may  be  ex-officio  recorder  of  deeds,  except  in 
counties  having  60,000  or  more  inhabitants,  in  which  counties  a  re- 
corder of  deeds  shall  be  elected  at  the  general  election  in  1884).  Each 

•NOTE.— Sec.  8  Is  an  amendment  adopted  Nov.  2, 1880* 


166  CRAWFORD'S  CIYIL  GOVERNMENT. 

of  said  officers  shall  enter  upon  the  duties  of  his  office  respectively  on 
the  first  Monday  of  December  after  his  election,  and  they  shall  hold 
their  respective  offices  for  the  term  of  four  years,  and  until  their  suc- 
cessors are  elected  and  qualified ;  Provided,  That  no  person  having 
once  been  elected  to  the  office  of  sheriff  or  treasurer,  shall  be  eligible 
to  re-election  to  said  office  for  four  years  after  the  expiration  of  the 
term  for  which  he  shall  have  been  elected. 

§  9.  The  clerks  of  all  the  courts  of  record,  the  treasurer,  sheriff, 
coroner  and  recorder  of  deeds  of  Cook  county,  shall  receive  as  their 
only  compensation  for  their  services  salaries  to  be  fixed  bylaw,  which 
shall  in  no  case  be  as  much  as  the  lawful  compensation  of  a  judge  of 
the  circuit  court  of  said  county,  and  shall  be  paid,  respectively,  only 
out  of  the  fees  of  the  office  actually  collected.  All  fees,  perquisites, ' 
and  emoluments  (above  the  amount  of  said  salaries)  shall  be  paid  into 
the  county  treasury.  The  number  of  deputies  and  assistants  of  such 
officers  shall  be  determined  by  rule  of  the  circuit  court,  to  be  entered 
of  record,  and  their  compensation  shall  be  determined  by  the  county 
board. 

§  10.  The  county  board,  except  as  provided  in  §  9  of  this  article, 
shall  fix  the  compensation  of  all  county  officers,  with  the  amount  of 
their  necessary  clerk  hire,  stationery,  fuel,  and  other  expenses,  and 
in  all  cases  where  fees  are  provided  for,  said  compensation  shall  be 
paid  only  out  of,  and  shall  in  no  instance  exceed,  the  fees  actually 
collected  ;  they  shall  not  allow  either  of  them  more  per  annum  than 
$1,500  in  counties  not  exceeding  20,000  inhabitants ;  $2,000  in  coun- 
ties containing  20,000  and  not  exceeding  30,000  inhabitants;  $2,500 
in  counties  containing  30,000  and  not  exceeding  50,000  inhabitants ; 
$3,000  in  counties  containing  50,000  and  not  exceeding  70,000  inhab- 
itants; $3,500  in  counties  containing  70,000  and  not  exceeding  100, 000 
inhabitants ;  and  $4,000  in  counties  containing  over  100,000  and  not 
exceeding  250,000  inhabitants  ;  and  not  more  than  $1,000  additional 
compensation  for  each  additional  100,000  inhabitants:  Provided,  that 
the  compensation  of  no  officer  shall  be  increased  or  diminished  during 
his  term  of  office.  All  fees  or  allowances  by  them  received,  in  excess 
of  their  said  compensation,  shall  be  paid  into  the  county  treasury. 

§  11.  The  fees  of  township  officers,  and  of  each  class  of  county 
officers,  shall  be  uniform  in  the  class  of  counties  to  which  they 
respectively  belong.  The  compensation  herein  provided  for  shall 
apply  only  to  officers  hereafter  elected,  but  all  fees  established  by 
special  laws  shall  cease  at  the  adoption  of  this  constitution,  and  such 
officers  shall  receive  only  such  fees  as  are  provided  by  general  law. 
g  12.  Ail  laws  fixing  the  fees  of  State,  county  and  township 


CONSTITUTION  OF  THE   STATE   OF  ILLINOIS.       167 

officers,  shall  terminate  with  the  terms,  respectively,  of  those  who 
may  be  in  office  at  the  meeting  of  the  first  general  assembly  after  the 
adoption  of  this  constitution  ;  and  the  general  assembly  shall,  by 
general  law,  uniform  in  its  operation,  provide  for  and  regulate  the 
fees  of  said  officers  and  their  successors,  so  as  to  reduce  the  same  to  a 
reasonable  compensation  for  services  actually  rendered.  But  the 
general  assembly  may,  by  general  law,  classify  the  counties  by  popu- 
lation into  not  more  than  three  classes,  and  regulate  the  fees  according 
to  class.  This  article  shall  not  be  construed  as  depriving  the  general 
assembly  of  the  power  to  reduce  the  fees  of  existing  officers. 

§  13.  Every  person  who  is  elected  or  appointed  to  any  office  in 
this  State,  who  shall  be  paid  in  whole  or  in  part  by  fees,  shall  be  re- 
quired by  law  to  make  a  semi-annual  report,  under  oath,  to  some 
officer  to  be  designated  by  law,  of  all  his  fees  and  emoluments. 

ARTICLE  XI.— CORPORATIONS. 

§  1.  No  corporation  shall  be  created  by  special  laws,  or  its  charter 
extended,  changed  or  amended,  except  those  for  charitable,  educa- 
tional, penal,  or  reformatory  purposes,  which  are  to  be  and  remain 
under  the  patronage  and  control  of  the  State,  but  the  general  assem- 
bly shall  provide,  by  general  laws,  for  the  organization  of  all 
corporations  hereafter  to  be  created. 

§  2.  All  existing  charters  or  grants-  of  special  or  exclusive  privi- 
leges, under  which  organization  shall  not  have  taken,  place,  or  which 
shall  not  have  been  in  operation  within  ten  days  from  the  time  this 
constitution  takes  effect,  shall  thereafter  have  no  validity  or  effect 
whatever. 

§  3.  The  general  assembly  shall  provide,  by  law,  that  in  all 
elections  for  directors  or  managers  of  incorporated  companies,  every 
stockholder  shall  have  the  right  to  vote,  in  person  or  by  proxy,  for 
the  number  of  shares  of  stock  owned  by  him,  for  as  many  persons  as 
there  are  directors  or  managers  to  be  elected,  or  to  cumulate  said 
shares,  and  give  one  candidate  as  many  votes  as  the  number  of 
directors  multiplied  by  the  number  of  his  shares  of  stock  shall  equal, 
or  to  distribute  them  on  the  same  principle  among  as  many  candi- 
dates as  he  shall  think  fit;  and  such  directors  or  managers  shall  not 
be  elected  in  any  other  manner. 

§  4.  No  law  shall  be  passed  by  the  general  assembly  granting 
the  right  to  construct  and  operate  a  street  railroad  within  any  city, 
town,  or  incorporated  village,  without  requiring  the  consent  of  the 
local  authorities  having  the  control  of  the  street  or  highway  pro- 
posed to  be  occupied  by  such  street  railroad. 


168  CRAWFORD'S  CIVIL  GOVERNMENT. 


BANKS. 

§  5.  No  State  bank  shall  hereafter  be  created,  nor  shall  the  State 
own  or  be  liable  for  any  stock  iu  auy  corporation  or  joint  stock  com- 
pany or  association  for  banking  purposes,  now  created,  or  to  be 
hereafter  created.  No  act  of  the  general  assembly  authorizing  or 
creating  corporations  or  associations,  with  banking  powers,  whether 
of  issue,  deposit  or  discount,  nor  amendments  thereto,  shall  go  into 
effect,  or  in  any  manner  be  in  force,  unless  the  same  shall  be  sub- 
mitted to  a  vote  of  the  people  at  the  general  election  next  succeeding 
the  passage  of  the  same,  and  be  approved  by  a  majority  of  all  the 
votes  cast  at  such  election  for  or  against  such  law. 

§  6.  Every  stockholder  in  a  banking  corporation  or  institution 
shall  be  individually  responsible  and  liable  to  its  creditors,  over  and 
above  the  amount  of  stock  by  him  or  her  held,  to  an  amount  equal 
to  his  or  her  respective  shares  so  held,  for  all  its  liabilities  accruing 
•while  he  or  she  remains  such  stockholder. 

§  7.  The  suspension  of  specie  payments  by  banking  institutions, 
on  their  circulation,  created  by  the  laws  of  this  State,  shall  never  be 
permitted  or  sanctioned.  Every  banking  association  now,  or  which 
may  hereafter  be,  organized  under  the  laws  of  this  State,  shall  make 
and  publish  a  full  and  accurate  quarterly  statement  of  its  affairs 
(which  shall  be  certified  to,  under  oath,  by  one  or  more  of  its  officers) 
as  may  be  provided  by  law. 

§  8.  If  a  general  banking  law  shall  be  enacted,  it  shall  provide 
for  the  registry  and  countersigning  by  an  officer  of  state,  of  all  bills 
or  paper  credit,  designed  to  circulate  as  moneys,  and  require  security, 
to  the  full  amount  thereof,  to  be  deposited  with  the  State  treasurer, 
in  United  States  or  Illinois  State  stocks,  to  be  rated  at  ten  per  cent, 
below  their  par  value;  and  in  case  of  a  depreciation  of  said  stocks  to 
the  amount  of  ten  per  cent,  below  par,  the  bank  or  banks  owning 
said  stocks  shall  be  required  to  make  up  said  deficiency  by  deposit- 
ing additional  stocks.  And  said  law  shall  also  provide  for  the 
recording  of  the  names  of  all  stockholders  in  such  corporations,  the 
amount  of  stock  held  by  each,  the  time  of  any  transfer  thereof,  and 
to  whom  such  transfer  is  made. 

RAILROADS. 

§  9.  Every  railroad  corporation  organized  or  doing  business  in 
this  State,  under  the  laws  or  authority  thereof  shall  have  and  main- 
tain a  public  office  or  place  in  this  State  for  the  transaction  of  its 
business,  where  transfers  of  stock  shall  be  made,  and  iu  which  shall 


CONSTITUTION  OP  THE  STATE   OP   ILLINOIS.       169 

be  kept,  for  public  inspection,  books,  in  which  shall  be  recorded  the 
amount  of  capital  stock  subscribed,  and  by  whom;  the  names  of  the 
owners  of  its  stock,  and  the  amounts  owned  by  them,  respectively; 
the  amount  of  stock  paid  in,  and  by  whom;  the  transfers  of  said 
stock;  the  amount  of  its  assets  and  liabilities,  and  the  names  and 
place  of  residence  of  its  officers.  The  directors  of  every  railroad 
corporation  shall,  annually,  make  a  report,  under  oath,  to  the  auditor 
of  public  accounts,  or  some  officer  to  be  designated  by  law,  of  all 
their  acts  and  doings,  which  report  shall  include  such  matters  re- 
lating  to  railroads  as  may  be  prescribed  by  law.  And  the  general 
assembly  shall  pass  laws  enforcing,  by  suitable  penalties,  the  pro- 
visions of  this  section. 

§  10.  The  rolling  stock,  and  all  other  movable  property  belong- 
ing to  any  railroad  company  or  corporation  in  this  State,  shall  be 
considered  personal  property,  and  shall  be  liable  to  execution  and 
saje  in  the  same  manner  as  the  personal  property  of  individuals,  and 
the  general  assembly  shall  pass  no  law  exempting  any  such  property 
from  execution  and  sale. 

§  11.  No  railroad  corporation  shall  consolidate  its  stock,  property 
or  franchises  with  any  other  railroad  corporation  owning  a  parallel 
or  competing  line;  and  in  no  case  shall  any  consolidation  take  place 
except  upon  public  notice  given,  of  at  least  sixty  days,  to  all  stock- 
holders, in  such  manner  as  may  be  provided  by  law.  A  majority  of 
the  directors  of  any  railroad  corporation,  now  incorporated  or  here- 
after to  be  incorporated  by  the  laws  of  this  State,  shall  be  citizens 
and  residents  of  this  State. 

§  12.  Railways  heretofore  constructed,  or  that  may  hereafter  be 
constructed  in  this  State,  are  hereby  declared  public  highways,  and 
shall  be  free  to  all  persons  for  the  transportation  of  their  persons  and 
property  thereon,  under  such  regulations  as  may  be  prescribed  by 
law.  And  the  general  assembly  shall,  from  time  to  time,  pass  laws 
establishing  reasonable  maximum  rates  of  charges  for  the  transport- 
ation of  passengers  and  freight  on  the  different  railroads  in  this  State. 

§  13.  No  railroad  corporation  shall  issue  any  stock  or  bonds, 
except  for  money,  labor  or  property  actually  received,  and  applied  to 
the  purposes  for  which  such  corporation  was  created;  and  all  stock 
dividends,  and  other  fictitious  increase  of  the  capital  stock  or  indebt- 
edness of  any  such  corporation,  shall  be  void.  The  capital  stock  of 
no  railroad  corporation  shall  be  increased  for  any  purpose,  except 
upon  giving  sixty  days'  public  notice,  in  such  manner  as  may  be 
provided  by  law. 

§  14.    The  exercise  of  the  power,  and  the  right  of  eminent  domain 


170  CRAWFORD'S  CIVIL  GOVERNMENT. 

shall  never  be  so  construed  or  abridged  as  to  prevent  the  taking  by 
the  general  assembly,  of  the  property  and  franchises  of  incorporated 
companies  already  organized,  and  subjecting  them  to  the  public 
necessity  the  same  as  of  individuals.  The  right  of  trial  by  jury  shall 
be  held  inviolate  in  all  trials  of  claims  for  compensation,  when,  in  the 
exercise  of  the  said  right  of  eminent  domain,  any  incorporated  com- 
pany shall  be  interested  either  for  or  against  the  exercise  of  said  right. 
§  15.  The  general  assembly  shall  pass  laws  to  correct  abuses  and 
prevent  unjust  discrimination  and  extortion  in  the  rates  of  freight 
and  passenger  tariffs  on  the  different  railroads  in  this  State,  and 
enforce  such  laws,  by  adequate  penalties,  to  the  extent,  if  necessary 
for  that  purpose,  of  forfeiture  of  their  property  and  franchises. 

ARTICLE  XII.— MILITIA. 

§  1.  The  militia  of  the  State  of  Illinois  shall  consist  of  all  able- 
bodied  male  persons,  resident  in  the  State,  between  the  ages,  of 
eighteen  and  forty-five,  except  such  persons  as  now  are,  or  hereafter 
may  be,  exempted  by  the  laws  of  the  United  States,  or  of  this  State. 

§  2.  The  general  assembly,  in  providing  for  the  organization, 
equipment  and  discipline  of  the  militia,  shall  conform  as  nearly  as 
practicable  to  the  regulations  for  the  government  of  the  armies  of  the 
United  States. 

§  3.  All  militia  officers  shall  be  commissioned  by  the  governor, 
and  may  hold  their  commissions  for  such  time  as  the  general 
assembly  may  provide. 

§  4.  The  militia  shall,  in  all  cases,  except  treason,  felony  or 
breach  of  the  peace,  be  privileged  from  arrest  during  their  attendance 
at  musters  and  elections,  and  in  going  to  and  returning  from  the  same. 

§  5.  The  military  records,  banners  and  relics  of  the  State  shall  be 
preserved  as  an  enduring  memorial  of  the  patriotism  and  valor  of 
Illinois,  and  it  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  general  assembly  to  provide 
by  law  for  the  safe  keeping  of  the  same. 

§  6.  No  person  having  conscientious  scruples  against  bearing 
arms  shall  be  compelled  to  do  military  duty  in  time  of  peace  :  Pro- 
vided, such  person  shall  pay  an  equivalent  for  such  exemption. 

ARTICLE  XIII.— WAREHOUSES. 

§  1.  All  elevators  or  storehouses  where  grain  or  other  property  is 
stored  for  compensation,  whether  the  property  stored  be  kept  sepa- 
rate or  not,  are  declared  to  be  public  warehouses. 

§  2.  The  owner,  lessee  or  manager  of  each  and  ever}'  public  ware- 
house situated  in  any  town  or  city  of  not  less  than  100,000  inhabitants. 


CONSTITUTION   OP   THE    STATE    OF   ILLINOIS.       171 

shall  mako  weekly  statements,  under  oath,  before  some  officer  to  be 
designated  by  law,  and  keep  the  same  posted  in  some  conspicuous 
place  in  the  office  of  such  warehouse,  and  shall  also  file  a  copy  for 
public  examination  in  such  place  as  shall  be  designated  by  law,  which 
statement  shall  correctly  set  forth  the  amount  and  grade  of  each  and 
every  kind  of  grain  in  such  warehouse,  together  with  such  other  prop- 
erty as  may  be  stored  therein,  and  what  warehouse  receipts  have  been 
issued,  and  are,  at  the  time  of  making  such  statement,  outstanding 
therefor;  and  shall,  on  the  copy  posted  in  the  warehouse,  note 
daily  such  changes  as  may  be  made  in  the  quantity  and  grade  of  grain 
in  such  warehouse  ;  and  the  different  grades  of  grain  shipped  in  sep- 
arate lots  shall  not  be  mixed  with  inferior  or  superior  grades  without 
the  consent  of  the  owner  or  consignee  thereof. 

§  3.  The  owners  of  property  stored  in  any  warehouse,  or  holder 
of  a  receipt  for  same,  shall  always  be  at  liberty  to  examine  such  prop- 
erty stored,  and  all  the  books  and  records  of  the  warehouse  in  regard 
to  such  property. 

§  4.  All  railroad  companies  and  other  common  carriers  on  rail- 
roads shall  weigh  or  measure  grain  at  points  where  it  is  shipped,  and 
receipt  for  the  full  amount,  and  shall  be  responsible  for  the  delivery 
of  such  amount  to  the  owner  or  consignee  thereof  at  the  place  of 
destination. 

§  5..  All  railroad  companies  receiving  and  transporting  grain,  in 
bulk  or  otherwise,  shall  deliver  the  same  to  any  consignee  thereof,  or 
any  elevator  or  public  warehouse  to  which  it  may  be  consigned,  pro- 
vided such  consignee,  or  the  elevator  or  public  warehouse,  can  be 
reached  by  any  track  owned,  leased  or  used,  or  which  can  be  used, 
by  such  railroad  companies  ;  and  all  railroad  companies  shall  permit 
connections  to  be  made  with  their  track,  so  that  any  such  consignee, 
and  any  public  warehouse,  coal  bank  or  coal  yard,  may  be  reached 
by  the  cars  on  said  railroad. 

§  6.  It  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  general  assembly  to  pass  all  neces- 
sary laws  to  prevent  the  issue  of  false  and  fraudulent  warehouse  re- 
ceipts, and  to  give  full  effect  to  this  article  of  the  constitution,  which 
shall  be  liberally  construed  so  as  to  protect  producers  and  shippers. 
And  the  enumeration  of  the  remedies  herein  named  shall  not  be  con- 
strued to  deny  to  the  general  assembly  the  power  to  prescribe  by  law 
such  other  and  further  remedies  as  may  be  found  expedient,  or  to 
deprive  any  person  of  existing  common  law  remedies. 

§  7.  The  general  assembly  shall  pass  laws  for  the  inspection  of 
grain,  for  the  protection  of  producers,  shippers  and  receivers  of  grain 
and  produce. 


172  CRAWFORD'S  CIVIL  GOVERNMENT. 

ARTICLE  XIV.— AMENDMENTS  TO  THE  CONSTITUTION. 

§  1.  Whenever  two-thirds  of  the  members  of  each  house  of  the 
general  assembly  shall,  by  a  vote  entered  upon  the  journal  thereof, 
concur  that  a  convention  is  necessary  to  revise,  alter  or  amend  the 
constitution,  the  question  shall  be  submitted  to  the  electors  at  the 
next  general  election.  If  a  majority  voting  at  the  election  vote  for  a 
convention,  the  general  assembly  shall,  at  the  next  session,  provide  for 
a  convention,  to  consist  of  double  the  number  of  members  of  the  sen- 
ate, to  be  elected  in  the  same  manner,  at  the  same  places,  and  in  the 
same  districts.  The  general  assembly  shall,  in  the  act  calling  the 
convention,  designate  the  day,  hour,  and  place  of  its  meeting,  fix  the 
pay  of  its  members  and  officers,  and  provide  for  the  payment  of  the 
same,  together  with  expenses  necessarily  incurred  by  the  convention 
in  the  performance  of  its  duties.  Before  proceeding,  the  members 
shall  take  an  oath  to  support  the  constitution  of  the  United  States, 
and  of  the  State  of  Illinois,  and  to  faithfully  discharge  their  duties  as 
members  of  the  convention.  The  qualification  of  members  shall  be 
the  same  as  that  of  members  of  the  senate,  and  vacancies  occurring 
shall  be  filled  in  the  manner  provided  for  filling  vacancies  in  the  gen- 
eral assembly.  Said  convention  shall  meet  within  three  months  after 
such  election,  and  prepare  such  revision,  alteration  or  amendments  of 
the  constitution  as  shall  be  deemed  necessary,  which  shall  be  sub- 
mitted to  the  electors  for  their  ratification  or  rejection,  at  an  election 
appointed  by  the  convention  for  that  purpose,  not  less  than  two  nor 
more  than  six  months  after  the  adjournment  thereof  ;  and  unless  so 
submitted  and  approved  by  a  majority  of  the  electors  voting  at  the 
election,  no  such  revision,  alterations  or  amendments  shall  take 
effect. 

§  2.  Amendments  to  this  constitution  may  be  proposed  in  either 
house  of  the  general  assembly,  and  if  the  same  shall  be  voted  for  by 
two  thirds  of  all  the  members  elected  to  each  of  the  two  houses,  such 
proposed  amendments,  together  with  the  yeas  and  nays  of  each  house 
thereon,  shall  be  entered  in  full  on  their  respective  journals,  and  said 
amendments  shall  be  submitted  to  the  electors  of  this  State  for  adop- 
tion or  rejection,  at  the  next  election  of  members  of  the  general  as 
sembly,  in  such  manner  as  may  be  prescribed  by  law.  The  proposed 
amendments  shall  be  published  in  full  at  least  three  months  preceding 
the  election,  and  if  a  majority  of  the  electors  voting  at  said  election 
shall  vote  for  the  proposed  amendments,  they  shall  become  a  part  of 
this  constitution.  But  the  general  assembly  shall  have  no  power  to 
propose  amendments  to  more  than  one  article  of  this  constitution  at 


CONSTITUTION   OF   THE   STATE   OF   ILLINOIS.        173 

the  same  session,  nor  to  the  same  article  of tener  than  once  in  four 
years. 

SEPARATE  SECTIONS. 

No  contract,  obligation,  or  liability  whatever,  of  the  Illinois  Cen- 
tral Railroad  Company,  to  pay  any  money  into  the  State  treasury, 
nor  any  lien  of  the  State  upon,  or  right  to  tax  property  of  said  com- 
pany, in  accordance  with  the  provisions  of  the  charter  of  said  com- 
pany, approved  February  10,  iij  the  year  of  our  Lord  1851,  shall  ever 
be  released,  suspended,  modified,  altered,  remitted,  or  in  any  manner 
diminished  or  impaired  by  legislative  or  other  authority ;  and  all 
moneys  derived  from  said  company,  after  the  payment  of  the  State 
debt,  shall  be  appropriated  and  set  apart  for  the  payment  of  the  ordi- 
nary expenses  of  the  State  government,  and  for  no  other  purposes 
whatever. 

MUNICIPAL   SUBSCRIPTIONS   TO   RAILROADS  OR   PRI- 
VATE CORPORATIONS. 

No  county,  city,  town,  township,  or  other  municipality,  shall  ever 
become  subscriber  to  the  capital  stock  of  any  railroad  or  private  cor- 
poration, or  make  donation  to  or  loan  its  credit  in  aid  of  such  corpo- 
ration :  Provided,  Ti-cwever,  that  the  adoption  of  this  article  shall  not 
be  construed  as  affecting  the  right  of  any  such  municipality  to  make 
such  subscriptions  where  the  same  have  been  authorized,  under  exist- 
ing laws,  by  a  vote  of  the  people  of  such  municipalities  prior  to  such 
adoption. 

CANAL. 

The  Illinois  and  Michigan  Canal  shall  never  be  sold  or  leased  until 
the  specific  proposition  for  the  sale  or  lease  thereof  shall  first  have 
been  submitted  to  a  vote  of  the  people  of  the  State  at  a  general  elec- 
tion, and  have  been  approved  by  a  majority  of  all  the  votes  polled  at 
such  election.  The  general  assembly  shall  never  loan  the  credit  of 
the  State,  or  make  appropriations  from  the  treasury  thereof ,  in  aid  of 
railroads  or  canals  :  Provided,  that  any  surplus  earnings  of  any  canal 
may  be  appropriated  for  its  enlargement  or  extension. 

SCHEDULE. 

That  no  inconvenience  may  arise  from  the  alterations  and  amend- 
ments made  in  the  constitution  of  this  State,  and  to  carry  the  same 
into  complete  effect,  it  is  hereby  ordained  and  declared  : 

§  1  That  all  laws  in  force  at  the  adoption  of  this  constitution 
aot  inconsistent  therewith,  and  all  rights,  actions,  prosecutions, 


174:  CRAWFORD'S  CIVIL  GOVERNMENT. 

claims,  and  contracts  of  this  State,  individuals,  or  bodies  corporate^ 
shall  continue  to  be  as  valid  as  if  this  constitution  had  not  been 
adopted. 

§  2.  That  all  tines,  taxes,  penalties  and  forfeitures,  due  and  ow- 
ing  to  the  State  of  Illinois  under  the  present  constitution  and  laws, 
shall  inure  to  the  use  of  the  people  of  the  State  of  Illinois  under  this 
constitution. 

§  3.  Recognizances,  bonds,  obligation,  and  all  other  instruments 
entered  into  or  executed  before  the  adoption  of  this  constitution,  to 
the  people  of  the  State  of  Illinois,  to  any  State  or  county  officer  or 
public  body,  shall  remain  binding  and  valid  ;  and  rights  and  liabili- 
ties upon  the  same  shall  continue,  and  all  crimes  and  misdemeanors 
shall  be  tried  and  punished  as  though  no  change  had  been  made  in 
the  constitution  of  this  State. 

§  4.  County  courts  for  the  transaction  of  county  business  in  coun- 
ties not  having  adopted  township  organization,  shall  continue  in  ex- 
istence  and  exercise  their  present  jurisdiction  until  the  board  of  county 
commissioners  provided  in  this  constitution  is  organized  iu  pursuance 
of  an  act  of  the  general  assembly ;  and  the  county  courts  in  all  other 
counties  shall  have  the  same  power  and  jurisdiction  they  now  possess 
until  otherwise  provided  by  general  law. 

§  5.  All  existing  courts  which  are  not  in  this  constitution  specifi- 
cally enumerated,  shall  continue  in  existence  and  exercise  their  pres- 
ent jurisdiction  until  otherwise  provided  by  law. 

§  6.  All  persons  now  filling  any  office  or  appointment  shall  con- 
tinue in  the  exercise  of  the  duties  thereof  according  to  their  respective 
commissions  or  appointments,  unless  by  this  constitution  it  is  other, 
wise  directed. 

§  7.  On  the  day  this  constitution  is  submitted  to  the  people  foi 
ratification,  an  election  shall  be  held  for  judges  of  the  supreme  court, 
in  the  second,  third,  sixth  and  seventh  judicial  election  districts, 
designated  in  this  constitution,  and  for  the  election  of  three  judges  of 
the  circuit  court  in  the  county  of  Cook,  as  provided  for  in  the  article 
of  this  constitution  relating  to  the  judiciary  ;  at  which  election  every 
person  entitled  to  vote,  according  to  the  terms  of  this  constitution, 
shall  be  allowed  to  vote,  and  the  election  shall  be  otherwise  conducted, 
returns  made  and  certificates  issued,  in  accordance  with  existing  laws, 
except  that  no  registry  shall  be  required  at  said  election  ;  Provided, 
that  at  said  election  in  the  county  of  Cook  no  elector  shall  vote  foi 
more  than  two  candidates  for  circuit  judge.  If,  upon  canvassing  the 
votes  for  and  against  the  adoption  of  this  constitution,  it  shall  appeal 
that  there  has  been  polled  a  greater  number  against  than  for  it,  then 


CONSTITUTION   OF   THE   STATE   OF   ILLINOIS.        175 

no  certificates  of  election  shall  be  issued  for  any  of  said  supreme  or 
circuit  judges. 

§  8.  This  constitution  shall  be  submitted  to  the  people  of  the 
State  of  Illinois  for  adoption  or  rejection,  at  an  election  to  be  held  on 
the  first  Saturday  in  July,  A.  D.  1870,  and  there  shall  be  separately 
submitted  at  the  same  time,  for  adoption  or  rejection : 

Sections  nine,  ten,  eleven,  twelve,  thirteen,  fourteen  and  fifteen, 
relating  to  railroads,  in  the  article  entitled  corporations ; 

The  article  entitled  counties ; 

The  article  entitled  warehouses  ; 

The  question  of  requiring  three-fifths  vote  to  remove  a  county 
seat; 

The  section  relating  to  the  Illinois  Central  railroad ; 

The  section  relating  to  minority  representation ; 

The  section  relating  to  municipal  subscriptions  to  railroads  or  pri- 
vate corporations,  and 

The  section  relating  to  the  canal. 

Every  person  entitled  to  vote  under  the  provisions  of  this  consti- 
tution, as  defined  in  the  article  in  relation  to  "  suffrage,"  shall  be  en- 
titled to  vote  for  the  adoption  or  rejection  of  this  constitution,  and  for 
or  against  the  articles,  sections  and  questions  aforesaid,  separately 
submitted;  and  the  said  qualified  electors  shall  vote  at  the  usual 
places  of  voting,  unless  otherwise  provided,  and  the  said  elections 
shall  be  conducted,  and  the  returns  thereof  made,  according  to  the 
laws  now  in  force  regulating  general  elections,  except  that  no  registry 
shall  be  required  at  said  election  ;  Provided,  however,  that  the  polls 
shall  be  kept  open  for  the  reception  of  ballots  until  sunset  of  said  day 
of  election. 

§  9.  The  Secretary  of  State  shall,  at  least  twenty  days  before  said 
election,  cause  to  be  delivered  to  the  county  clerk  of  each  county, 
blank  poll-books,  tally-lists  and  forms  of  return  and  twice  the  number 
of  properly  prepared  printed  ballots  for  the  said  election  that  there 
are  voters  in  such  county,  the  expense  whereof  shall  be  audited  and 
paid  as  other  public  printing  ordered  by  the  Secretary  of  State  is,  by 
law,  required  to  be  audited  and  paid  ;  and  the  several  county  clerks 
shall,  at  least  five  days  before  said  election,  cause  to  be  distributed  to 
the  board  of  election,  in  each  election  district,  in  their  respective  coun- 
ties, said  blank  poll -books,  tally  lists,  forms  of  return,  and  tickets. 

§  10.  At  the  said  election  the  ballots  shall  be  in  the  following 
form: 


176  CRAWFORD'S  CIVIL  GOVERNMENT. 

NEW  CONSTITUTION  TICKET. 

For  all  the  propositions  on  this  ticket  which  are  not  canceled  with 
ink  or  pencil ;  and  against  all  propositions  which  are  so  canceled. 

For  the  new  constitution. 

For  the  sections  relating  to  railroads  in  the  article  entitled  corpo- 
rations. 

For  the  article  entitled  counties. 

For  the  article  entitled  warehouses. 

For  a  three-fifths  vote  to  remove  county  seats. 

For  the  sections  relating  to  the  Illinois  Central  railroad. 

For  the  section  relating  to  minority  representation. 

For  the  section  relating  to  municipal  subscriptions  to  railroads  or 
private  corporations. 

For  the  section  relating  to  the  canal. 

Each  of  said  tickets  shall  be  counted  as  a  vote  cast  for  each  prop- 
osition thereon  not  canceled  with  ink  or  pencil,  and  against  each 
proposition  so  canceled,  and  returns  thereof  shall  be  made  accordingly 
by  the  judges  of  election. 

§  11.  The  returns  of  the  whole  vote  cast,  and  of  the  votes  for  the 
adoption  or  rejection  of  this  Constitution,  and  for  or  against  the  arti- 
cles and  sections  respectively  submitted,  shall  be  made  by  the  several 
county  clerks,  as  is  now  provided  by  law,  to  the  Secretary  of  State, 
•within  twenty  days  after  the  election  ;  and  the  returns  of  the  said 
votes  shall,  within  five  days  thereafter,  be  examined  and  canvassed 
by  the  Auditor,  Treasurer  and  Secretary  of  State,  or  any  two  of  them, 
in  the  presence  of  the  Governor,  and  proclamation  shall  be  made  by 
the  Governor,  forthwith,  of  the  result  of  the  canvass. 

§  12.  If  it  shall  appear  that  a  majority  of  the  votes  polled  are 
"  for  the  new  Constitution,"  then  so  much  of  this  Constitution  as  was 
not  separately  submitted  to  be  voted  on  by  articles  and  sections  shall 
be  the  supreme  law  of  the  State  of  Illinois,  on  and  after  Monday,  the 
8th  day  of  August,  A.  D.  1870  ;  but  if  it  shall  appear  that  a  majoiity 
of  the  votes  polled  were  "against  the  new  Constitution,"  then  so 
much  thereof  as  was  not  separately  submitted  to  be  voted  on  by  arti- 
cles and  sections  shall  be  null  and  void.  If  it  shall  appear  that  a  ma- 
jority of  the  votes  polled  are  "for  the  sections  relating  to  railroads> 
in  the  article  entitled  'corporations,'"  sections  nine,  ten,  eleven, 
twelve,  thirteen,  fourteen  and  fifteen,  relating  to  railroads  in  the  said 
article,  shall  be  a  part  of  the  Constitution  of  this  State,  but  if  a  ma- 
jority  of  said  votes  are  against  such  sections,  they  shall  be  null  and 
void.  If  a  majority  of  the  votes  polled  are  "  for  the  article  entitled 


CONSTITUTION   OF   THE   STATE   OP   ILLINOIS.        177 

"counties,"  such  article  shall  be  a  part  of  the  Constitution  of  this 
State,  and  shall  be  substituted  for  article  seven  in  the  present  Consti- 
tution, entitled  "counties;"  but  if  a  majority  of  said  votes  are  against 
such  article,  the  same  shall  be  null  and  void.  If  a  majority  of  votes 
polled  are  for  the  article  entitled  "  warehouses,"  such  article  shall  be 
a  part  of  the  Constitution  of  this  State ;  but  if  a  majority  of  the  votes 
are  against  said  article,  the  same  shall  be  null  and  void.  If  a  major- 
ity of  the  votes  polled  are  for  either  of  the  sections  separately  submit- 
ted relating  respectively  to  the  "  Illinois  Central  railroad,"  "  minority 
representation,"  "  municipal  subscriptions  to  railroads  or  private 
corporations,"  and  the  "  canal,"  then  such  of  said  sections  as  shall 
receive  such  majority  shall  be  a  part  of  the  Constitution  of  this  State ; 
but  each  of  said  sections  so  separately  submitted,  against  which,  re- 
spectively, there  shall  be  a  majority  of  the  votes  polled,  shall  be  null 
and  void ;  Provided,  that  the  section  relating  to  ' '  minority  represen- 
tation, "shall  uot  be  declared  adopted  unless  the  portion  of  the  Con- 
stitution not  separately  submitted  to  be  voted  on  by  articles  and  sec- 
tions shall  be  adopted  ;  and  ia  case  said  section  relating  to  "  minority 
representation  "  shall  become  a  part  of  the  Constitution,  it  shall  be 
substituted  for  sections  seven  and  eight  of  the  legislative  articles.  If 
a  majority  of  the  votes  cast  at  such  election  shall  be  for  a  three-fifths 
vote  to  remove  a  county  seat,  then  the  words  "a  majority"  shall  be 
stricken  out  of  section  four  of  the  article  on  counties,  and  the  words 
"  three-fifths "  shall  be  inserted  in  lieu  thereof;  and  the  following 
words  shall  be  added  to  said  section,  to- wit :  "  But  when  an  attempt 
is  made  to  remove  a  county  seat  to  a  point  nearer  to  the  centre  of  a 
county,  then  a  majority  vote  shall  only  be  necessary."  If  the  forego- 
ing proposition  shall  not  receive  a  majority  of  the  votes  as  aforesaid, 
then  the  same  shall  have  no  effect  whatever. 

§  13.  Immediately  after  the  adoption  of  this  Constitution,  the 
Governor  and  Secretary  of  State  shall  proceed  to  ascertain  and  fix  the 
apportionment  of  the  State  for  members  of  the  first  house  of  Repre- 
sentatives under  this  Constitution.  The  apportionment  shall  be  based 
upon  the  federal  census  of  the  year  A.  D.  1870,  of  the  State  of  Illi- 
nois, "and  shall  be  made  strictly  in  accordance  with  the  rules.and  prin- 
ciples announced  in  the  article  on  the  legislative  department  of  this 
Constitution  :  Provided,  that  in  case  the  federal  census  aforesaid 
cannot  be  ascertained  prior  to  Friday,  the  23d  day  of  September, 
A.  D.  1870,  then  the  said  apportionment  shall  be  based  upon  the 
State  census  of  the  year  A.  D.  1865,  in  accordance  with  the  rules  and 
principles  aforesaid.  The  Governor  shall,  on  or  before  Wednesday, 
the  28th  day  of  September,  A.  D.  1870,  make  official  announcement 


178  CRAWFORD'S  CIVIL  GOVERNMENT. 

of  the  said  apportionment,  under  the  great  seal  of  the  State,  and  one 
hundred  copies  thereof,  duly  certified,  shall  be  forthwith  transmitted 
by  the  Secretary  of  State  to  each  county  clerk  for  distribution. 

§  14.  The  districts  shall  be  regularly  numbered  by  the  Secretary 
of  State,  commencing  with  Alexander  County  as  No.  1,  and  proceed- 
ing thence  northwardly  through  the  State,  and  terminating  with  the 
county  of  Cook  ;  but  no  county  shall  be  numbered  as  more  than  one 
district,  except  the  county  of  Cook,  which  shall  constitute  three  dis- 
tricts, each  embracing  the  territory  contained  in  the  now  existing 
representative  districts  of  said  county.  And  on  the  Tuesday  after  the 
first  Monday  in  November,  A.  D.  1870.  the  members  of  the  first  house 
of  representatives  under  this  Constitution  shall  be  elected  according 
to  the  apportionment  fixed  and  announced  as  aforesaid,  and  shall  hold 
their  offices  for  two  years,  and  until  their  successors  shall  be  elected 
and  qualified. 

§  15.  The  senate,  at  its  first  session  under  this  Constitution,  shall 
consist  of  fifty  members,  to  be  chosen  as  follows  .  At  the  general 
election  held  on  the  first  Tuesday  after  the  first  Monday  of  Novem- 
ber, A.  D.  1870,  two  senators  shall  be  elected  in  districts  where  term 
of  senators  expire  on  the  first  Monday  of  January,  A.  D.  1871,  or 
•where  there  shall  be  a  vacancy,  and  in  the  remaining  districts  one 
senator  shall  be  elected.  Senators  so  elected  shall  hold  their  office 
for  two  years. 

§  16.  The  general  assembly,  at  its  first  session  held  after  the 
adoption  of  this  Constitution,  shall  proceed  to  apportion  the  State  for 
members  of  the  senate  and  house  of  representatives,  in  accordance 
with  the  provisions  of  the  article  on  the  legislative  department. 

§  17.  When  this  Constitution  shall  be  ratified  by  the  people,  the 
Governor  shall  forthwith,  after  having  ascertained  the  fact,  issue 
writs  of  election  to  the  sheriffs  of  the  several  counties  of  this  Stats, 
or  in  case  of  vacancies,  to  the  coroners,  for  the  election  of  all  the 
officers,  the  time  of  whose  election  is  fixed  by  this  Constitution  or 
schedule,  and  it  shall  be  the  duties  of  said  sheriffs  or  coroners  to  give 
such  notice  of  the  time  and  place  of  said  election  as  is  now  prescribed 
by  law. 

§  18.  All  laws  of  the  State  of  Illinois,  and  all  official  writings, 
and  the  executive,  legislative  and  judicial  proceedings,  shall  be  con- 
ducted, preserved  and  published  in  no  other  than  the  English  lan- 
guage. 

§  19.  The  general  assembly  shall  pass  all  laws  necessary  to  carry 
into  effect  the  provisions  of  this  Constitution. 

§  204     The  circuit  clerks  of  the  different  counties  having  a  popu- 


CONSTITUTION  OF  THE   STATE   OP   ILLINOIS.       179 

lation  over  sixty  thousand,  shall  continue  to  be  recorders  (ex-offlcio) 
for  their  respective  counties  under  this  Constitution,  until  the  expira- 
tion of  their  respective  terms. 

§  21.  The  judges  of  all  courts  of  record  in  Cook  county  shall,  in 
lieu  of  any  salary  provided  for  in  this  Constitution,  receive  the  com- 
pensation now  provided  by  law  until  the  adjournment  of  the  first 
ssssion  of  the  general  assembly  after  the  adoption  of  this  Constitution. 

§  22.  The  present  judge  of  the  circuit  court  of  Cook  county  sbw  11 
continue  to  hold  the  circuit  court  of  Lake  county  until  otherwise 
provided  by  law. 

§  23.  When  this  Constitution  shall  be  adopted,  and  take  effect 
as  the  supreme  law  of  the  State  of  Illinois,  the  two-mill  tax  provided 
to  be  annually  assessed  and  collected  upon  each  dollar's  worth  of 
taxable  property  in  addition  to  all  other  taxes,  as  set  forth  in  article 
fifteen  of  the  now  existing  Constitution,  shall  cease  to  be  assessed 
after  the  year  of  our  Lord  one  thousand  eight  hundred  and  seventy. 

§  24.  Nothing  contained  in  this  Constitution  shall  be  so  construed 
as  to  deprive  the  general  assembly  of  power  to  authorize  the  city  of 
Quincy  to  create  any  indebtedness  for  railroad  or  municipal  purposes, 
for  which  the  people  of  said  city  shall  have  voted,  and  to  which  they 
shall  have  given,  by  such  vote,  their  assent,  prior  to  the  thirteenth 
day  of  December,  in  the  year  of  our  Lord  one  thousand  eight  hun- 
dred and  sixty-nine  :  Provided,  that  no  such  indebtedness  so  created 
shall  in  any  part  thereof  be  paid  by  the  State,  or  from  any  State  rev- 
enue, tax  or  fund,  but  the  same  shall  be  paid,  if  at  all,  by  the  said 
city  of  Quincy  alone,  and  by  taxes  levied  upon  the  taxable  property 
thereof  :  And  provided  furtlier,  that  the  general  assembly  shall  have 
no  power  in  the  premises  that  it  could  not  exercise  under  the  present 
Constitution  of  this  State. 

§  25.  In  case  this  Constitution  and  the  articles  and  sections  sub- 
mitted separately  be  adopted,  the  existing  Constitution  shall  cease  in 
all  its  provisions  ;  and  in  case  this  Constitution  be  adopted  and  any 
one  or  more  of  the  articles  or  sections  submitted  separately  be  de- 
feated, the  provisions  of  the  existing  Constitution  (if  any)  on  the 
same  subject  shall  remain  in  force. 

§  26.  The  provisions  of  this  Constitution  required  to  be  executed 
prior  to  the  adoption  or  rejection  thereof  shall  take  effect  and  be  in 
force  immediately. 

Done  in  convention  at  the  capitol,  in  the  city  of  Springfield,  on 
the  thirteenth  day  of  May,  in  the  year  of  our  Lord  one  thousand 
eight  hundred  and  seventy,  and  of  the  independence  of  the  United 
States  of  America  the  ninety-fourth. 


180  CRAWFORD'S  CIYIL  GOVERNMENT. 

THE  FOLLOWING  AMENDMENT  TO  SEC.  81,  ART.  4,  WAS 
ADOPTED  IN  1878 : 

The  General  Assembly  may  pass  laws  permitting  the  owners  of 
lands  to  construct  drains,  ditches  and  levees  for  agricultural,  sanitary 
or  mining  purposes,  across  the  lands  of  others,  and  provide  for  the 
organization  of  drainage  districts,  and  vest  the  corporate  authorities 
thereof  with  power  to  construct  and  maintain  levees,  drains  and 
ditches,  and  to  keep  in  repair  all  drains  ditches,  and  levees  hereto- 
fore constructed  under  the  laws  of  this  State,  by  special  assessment* 
upon  the  property  benefited  thereby. 


CONSTITUTION  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


We,  the  people  of  the  United  States,  in  order  to  form  a  more  per- 
fect Union,  establish  justice,  insure  domestic  tran- 
quility,  provide  for  the  common  defence,  promote     Preamble, 
the  general  welfare,  and  secure  the  blessings  of  lib- 
erty to  ourselves  and  our  posterity,  do  ordain  and  establish  this 
Constitution  for  the  United  States  of  America. 

AETICLE    I. 

SECTION    I. 

All  legislative  powers  herein  granted  shall  be    congrew. 
vested  in  a  Congress  of  the  United  States,  which 
shall  consist  of  a  Senate  and  House  of  Representatives. 

SECTION  II. 

The  House  of  Representatives  shall  be  composed    of  members 
chosen  every  second  year  by  the  people  of  the  several 
States,  and  the  electors  in  each  State  shall  have  the 
qualifications  requisite  for  electors  of  the  most  numer- 
ous branch  of  the  State  legislature. 

No  person  shall  be  a  Representative  who  sh,all     Qualifications  of 

.,  L*  'i_  j  ...«.  c    ..  ~  •,      representatives. 

not  have  attained  the  age  of  twenty-five  years,  and 

been  seven  years  a  citizen  of  the  United  States,  and  who  shall  not, 

when  elected,  be  an  inhabitant  of  that  State  in  which  he  shall  be 

chosen. 

Representatives  and  direct  taxes  shall  be  apportioned  among  the 
several  States  which  may  be  included  within  this 

Union,    according    to    their    respective      numbers,     Apportionment  of 
,.,,.,,,   ^         .       ,  ,  ,  ,.  ,       representatives 

which  shall  be  determined  by  adding  to  the  whole    and  direct  taxes. 
number  of  free  persons,  including  those  bound  to 
service  for  a  term  of  years,  and  excluding  Indians  not  taxed,  three- 
fifths  of  all  other  persons.     The  actual  enumeration  shall  be  made 
within  three  years  after  the  first  meeting  of  the  Con- 
gress of  the  United  States,  and  within  every  subse-     Jeara."  6V6ry  te° 
quent  term  of  ten  years,  in  suet  manner  as  they  shall 

181 


182  CRAWFORD'S  CIVIL  GOVERNMENT. 

by  law  direct.  The  number  of  Representatives  shall  not  exceed  one 
for  every  thirty  thousand,  but  each  State  shall  have  at  least  one 
representative  ;  and  until  such  enumeration  shall  be  made,  the  State 
of  New  Hampshire  shall  be  entitled  to  choose  three,  Massachusetts, 
eight,  Rhode  Island  and  Providence  Plantations  one,  Connecticut  five, 
New  York  six,  New  Jersey  four,  Pennsylvania  eight,  Delaware  one, 
Maryland  six,  Virginia  ten,  North  Carolina  five,  South  Carolina  five, 
and  Georgia  three. 

"When  vacancies  happen   in  the  representation 
h°W     from  anv  State>  the  executive  authority  thereof  shall 

issue  writs  of  election  to  fill  such  vacancies. 

Representatives  The  House  of  Representatives  shall  choose  their 

and°8ber£C7m-  Speaker  and  other  officers  ;  and  shall  have  the  sole 
peachments.  power  of  impeachment. 

SECTION    III. 

Senate,  how  The  Senate  of  the  United  States  shall  be  composed 

of  two  Senators  from  each  State,  chosen  by  the  legis- 
lature thereof,  for  six  years  ;  and  each  Senator  shall  have  one  vote. 
Immediately  after  they  shall  be  assembled  in  consequence  of  the 

first  election,  they  shall  be  divided  as  equally  as  may 

Senators  classed.  J 

be  into  three  classes.     The  seats  of  the  Senators 

of  the  first  class  shall  be  vacated  at  the  expiration  of  the  second  year  ; 

of  the  second  class,  at  the  expiration  of  the  fourth  year,  and  of  the 

third  class,  at  the  expiration  of  the  sixth  year,  so  that  one-third  may 
be  chosen  every  second  year  ;  and  if  vacancies  hap- 

Vacancies,  how       pen  kv  resjgnatiOn  or  otherwise,  during  the  recess  of 
the  legislature  of  any  State,  the  executive  thereof 

may  make  temporary  appointments  until  the  next  meeting  of  the 

legislature,  which  shall  then  fill  such  vacancies. 

No  person  shall  be  a  Senator,  who  shall  not  have  attained  to  the 
age  of  thirty  years,  and  been  nine  years  a  citizen 

senator!. U0n  °f        of  the  United   States,  and  who  shall    not,    when 
elected,  be  an  inhabitant  of  that  State  for  which  he 

shall  be  chosen. 

The  Vice  President  of  the  United  States  shall  be 

?resider.eSldent  tO     President  of  the  Senate,  but  shall  have  no  vote,  un- 
less they  be  equally  divided. 

The  Senate  shall  choose  their  other  officers,  and 
Officers  of  Senate.       ,  -n      -j  ^i         -u  *  *.\ 

also  a  President  pro  tempore  in  the  absence  of  the 

Vice  President,  or  when  he  shall  exercise  the  office  of  President  of 
the  United  States. 


CONSTITUTION   OF  THE  UNITED  STATES.          183 

The  Senate  shall  have  the  sole  power  to  try  all  impeachments. 
When  sitting  for  that  purpose,  they  shall  be  on  oath 
or  affirmation.    When  the  President  of  the  United     ™*J°f  ^peach. 
States  is  tried,  the  Chief  Justice  shall  preside  ;  and 
no  person  shall  be  convicted  without  the  concurrence  of  two-thirds 
of  the  members  present. 

Judgment  in  cases  of  impeachment  shall  not  ex-     Judgment  in  im- 
tend  further  than  to  removal  from  office,  and  dis- 
qualification to  hold  and  enjoy  any  office  of  honor,     Eflect  0^ 
trust  or  profit  under  the  United  States;  but  the 
party  convicted  shall  nevertheless  be  liable  and  subject  to  indictment, 
trial,  judgment,  and  punishment,  according  to  law. 

SECTION   IV. 

The  times,  places,  and  manner  of  holding  elec-    Elections,   when 
tions  for  Senators  and  Representatives  shall  be  pre- 
scribed in  each  State  by  the  legislature  thereof ;  but  the  Congress 
may  at  any  time  by  law  make  or  alter  such  regulations,  except  as  to 
the  places  of  choosing  Senators. 

The  Congress  shall  assemble  at  least  once  in  every    congress  assem- 

,         ,  ,.         ,!,,.  ,,       ,.     ,  •»«•      j  ble  annually. 

year,  and  such  meeting  shall  be  on  the  first  Monday 

in  December,  unless  they  shall  by  law  appoint  a  different  day. 

SECTION   V. 

Each  house  shall  be  the  judge  of  the  elections,     Elections,  how 
returns,  and  qualifications  of  its  own  members,  and 
a  majority  of  each  shall  constitute  a  quorum  to  do     Quorum, 
business  ;  but  a  smaller  number  may  adjourn  from     Absent  members 
day  to  day,  and  may  be  authorized  to  compel  the  at- 
tendance of  absent  members,  in  such  manner,  and  under  such  penal- 
ties as  each  house  may  provide. 

Each  house  may  determine  the  rules  of  its  pro-     Rules, 
ceedings,  punish  its  members  for  disorderly  behavior,     Expulsion 
and  with  the  concurrence  of  two-thirds,  expel  a 
member. 

Each  house  shall  keep  a  journal  of  its  proceed-    Journals   to  be 
ings,  and  from  time  to  time  publish  the  same,  except-     ed? 
such  parts  as  may  in  their  judgment  require  secrecy,     Yeag  and  nayg 
and  the  yeas  and  nays  of  the  members  of  either 
house  on  any  question  shall,  at  the  desire  of  one-fifth  of  those  pres- 
ent, be  entered  on  the  journal. 


184  CRAWFORD'S  CIVIL  GOVERNMENT. 

Neither  house,  during  the  session  of  Congress,  shall  without  the 

consent  of  the  other,  adjourn  for  more  than  three 
Adjournment. 

days,  nor  to  any  other  place  than  that  m  which  the 
two  houses  shall  he  sitting. 

SECTION  VI. 

The  Senators  and  Representatives  shall  receive  a  compensation 

for  their  services,  to  be  ascertained  by  law,  and  paid 

out  of  the  Treasury  of  the  United  States.    They 

shall  in  all  cases  except  treason,  felony  and  breach  of  the  peace,  be 

privileged  from  arrest  during  their  attendance  at  the 
Privileges.  .     ".         . 

session  of  their  respective  houses,  and  in  going  to 

and  returning  from  the  same  ;  and  for  any  speech  or  debate  in  either 
house,  they  shall  not  be  questioned  in  any  other  place. 

No  Senator  or  Representative  shall,  during  the  time  for  which  he 
was  elected,  be  appointed  to  any  civil  office  under 

Members  not  ap.       ,  ,  ,    .      TT   ..    ,  ....  ,  .   ,      ,    ,,  , 

pointed  to  office,      the  authority  of  the  United  States,  which  shall  have 

cm          t  eov-     Deen  created,  or  the  emoluments  whereof  shall  have 


eminent  can  not     been  increased  during  such  time ;    and  no  person 
holding  any  office  under  the  United  States  shall  be  a 
member  of  either  house  during  his  continuance  in  office. 


SECTION   VII. 


Revenue  bills  -^  ^ills  for  raising  revenue  shall  originate  in  the 

House  of  Representatives  ;  but  the  Senate  may  pro- 
pose or  concur  with  amendments  as  on  other  bills. 

Every  bill  which  shall  have  passed  the  House  of  Representatives 

and  the  Senate,  shall,  before  it  become  a  law,  be 
8ent8ed°  to*  Ptiie  presented  to  the  President  of  the  United  States  ;  if 
president.  ^e  approve  he  shall  sign  it,  but  if  not  he  shall  return 

His  powers  over     it,  with  his  objections  to  that  house  in  which  it  shall 

have  originated,  who  shall  enter  the  objections  at 
Proceedings  on  }arge  on  their  journal,  and  proceed  to  reconsider  it. 

If  after  such  reconsideration  two-thirds  of  that  house 
shall  agree  to  pass  the  bill,  it  shall  be  sent,  together  with  the  objec- 
tions, to  the  other  house,  by  which  it  shall  likewise  be  reconsidered, 
and  if  approved  by  two-thirds  of  that  house,  it  shall  become  a  law. 
But  in  all  cases  the  votes  of  both  houses  shall  be  determined  by  yeas 
and  nays,  and  the  names  of  the  persons  voting  for  and  against  the 
bill  shall  be  entered  on  the  journal  of  each  house  respectively.  If 


CONSTITUTION   OF   THE   UNITED   STATES. 


185 


any  bill  shall  not  be  returned  by  the  President  within  ten  days  (Sun- 
days excepted)  after  it  shall  have  been  presented  to 

,  ,J  . ,  ,         Bills  to  be  laws 

him.  the  same  shall  be  a  law,  in  like  manner  as  if  he     «  not  returned  in 
had  signed  it,  unless  the  Congress  by  their  adjourn-    ten  days- 
ment  prevent  its  return,  in  which  case  it  shall  not  be  a  law. 

Every  order,  resolution,  or  vote  to  which  the  concurrence  of  the 
Senate  and  House  of  Representatives  may  be  neces- 

/  «.•          f      j-  xx     i.   11  i-        Joint   orders    or 

sary  (except  on  a  question  of  adjournment)  shall  be  resolutions  to  be 
presented  to  the  President  of  the  United  States ;  and  p^^  by  the 
before  the  same  shall  take  effect,  shall  be  approved 
by  him,  or  being  disapproved  by  him,  shall  be  repassed  by  two- 
thirds  of  the  Senate  and  House  of  Representatives,  according  to  the 
rules  and  limitations  prescribed  in  the  case  of  a  bill. 


SECTION  VIII. 


Power  of  Con- 
gress to  lay  taxes 
— pay  debts. 

General  welfare. 
Duties  uniform. 


The  Congress  shall  have  power  to  lay  and  collect 
taxes,  duties,  imposts  and  excises,  to  pay  the  debts 
and  provide  for  the  common  defence  and  general 
welfare  of  the  United  States  ;  but  all  duties,  imposts 
and  excises  shall  be  uniform  throughout  the  United 
States ; 

To  borrow  money  on  the  credit  of  the  United 
States  ; 

To  regulate  commerce  with  foreign  nation,  and 
among  the  several  States,  and  with  the  Indian  tribes. 

To  establish  a  uniform  rule  of  naturalization,  and 
uniform  laws  on  the  subject  of  bankruptcies  through- 
out the  United  States ; 

To  coin  money,  regulate  the  value  thereof,  and 
of  foreign  coin,  and  fix  the  standard  of  weights  and 
measures  ; 

To  provide  for  the  punishment  of  counterfeit- 
ing the  securities  and  current  coin  of  the  United 
States ; 

To  establish  post  offices  and  post  roads  ; 

To  promote  the  progress  of  science  and  useful 
arts,  by  securing  for  limited  times  to  authors  and  in- 
ventors the  exclusive  right  to  their  respective  writings  and  discov- 
eries ; 

To  constitute  tribunals  inferior  to  the  Supreme    inferior  courts. 
Court; 


Borrow  money 

Commerce. 

Naturalization. 
Bankruptcy. 

Coin  money, 

Weights  and  mea- 
sures. 

Counterfeiting. 


Post  roads. 


Promote  arts  and 
science. 


186  CRAWFORD'S  CIVIL  GOVERNMENT. 

To  define  and  punish  piracies  and  felonies  com- 
mitted  on  the  high  seas,  and  offences  against  the  law 
of  nations ; 

To  declare  war,   grant  letters  of    marque  and 
Declare  war  and  .     ,  ,         ,  « 

make  captures.        reprisal,  and  make  rules  concerning    captures    on 

land  and  water ; 

To  raise  and  support  armies,  but  no  appropriation 
Raise  Armies. 

of  money  to  that  use  shall  be  for  a  longer  term  than 

two  years ; 

Navy.  To  provide  and  maintain  a  navy  ; 

Rules  and  articles  To  make  rules  for  the  government  and  regulation 
of  war.  Qf  tjjg  ]an(j  an(j  nava]  forces  ; 

To  provide  for  calling  forth  the  militia  to  execute 
Call  out  militia.  TT    . 

the  laws  of  the  Union,  suppress  insurrections  and 

repel  invasions ; 

Organize  and  gov-  To  provide  for  organizing,  arming,  and  disciplin- 
ern  militia.  jng  j^g  mjiitia,  and  for  governing  such  part  of  them 

Officers  of  milt-     as  may  be  employed  in   the  service  of  the  United 

States,  reserving  to  the  States  respectively,  the  ap- 
pointment of  the  officers,  and  the  authority  of  training  the  militia 
according  to  the  discipline  prescribed  by  Congress  ; 

To  exercise  exclusive  legislation  in  all  cases  what- 

Exclusive  legisla-  ,      ,.  ,   .   .    .  ,.  „ 

tion  over  seat  of  soever,  over  such  district  (not  exceeding  ten  miles 
government.  square)  as  may.  by  cession  of  particular  States,  and 

the  acceptance  of  Congress,  become  the  seat  of  the  government  of 
the  United  States,  and  to  exercise  like  authority  over  all  places  pur- 
chased by  the  consent  of  the  legislature  of  the  State 

And  over    forts,      .         .  .  ...  ,    .,  ,        .        ,  .  •  •__, 

arsenals,  docks,  in  which  the  same  shall  be,  for  the  erection  of  forts, 
**•  magazines,  arsenals,  dock-yards,  aud  other  needful 

buildings ;  —  and 

To  make  all  laws  which  shall  be  necessary  and 

To  make  general  ,  .    .  ,,        - 

laws  to  carry  pow-    proper  for  carrying   into  execution  the  foregoing 

ers  into  effect.  powers,  and  all  other  powers  vested  by  this  Consti- 
tution in  the  Government  of  the  United  States,  or  in  any  department 
or  officer  thereof. 

SECTION    IX. 

importation  of  The  migration  or  importation  of  such  persons  as 
1808*  8  any  of  the  States  now  existing  shall  think  proper  to 

admit,  shall  not  be  prohibited  by  the  Congress  prior 
to  the  year  one  thousand  eight  hundred  and  eight,  but  a  tax  or  duty 
may  be  imposed  on  such  importation,  not  exceeding  ten  dollars  for 
each  person. 


CONSTITUTION   OF   THE    UNITED    STATES. 


187 


The  privilege  of  the  writ  of  habeas  corpus  shall 
not  be  suspended,  unless  when  in  cases  of  rebellion 
or  invasion  the  public  safety  may  require  it. 

No  bill  of  attainder  or  ex  post  facto  law  shall  be 
passed. 

No  capitation,  or  other  direct  tax  shall  be  laid, 
unless  in  proportion  to  the  census  or  enumeration 
hereinbefore  directed  to  be  taken. 

No  tax  or  duty  shall  be  laid  on  articles  exported 
from  any  State. 

No  preference  shall  be  given  by  any  regulation  of 
commerce  or  revenue  to  the  ports  of  one  State  over 
those   of   another :  nor  shall  vessels  bound  to,  or  from,  one  State, 
be  obliged  to  enter,  clear,  or  pay  duties  in  another. 

No  money  shall  be  drawn  from  the  treasury,  but 
in  consequence  of  appropriations  made  by  law  ;  and 
a  regular  statement  and  account  of  the  receipts  and 
expenditures  of  all  public  money  shall  be  published 
from  time  to  time. 

No  title  of  nobility  shall  be  granted  by  the  United 
States  ;  and  no  person  holding  any  office  of  profit  or 
trust  under  them,  shall,  without  the  consent  of  the 
Congress,  accept  of  any  present,  emolument,  office,  or  title,  of  any 
kind  whatever,  from  any  king,  prince,  or  foreign  State. 

SECTION    X. 
No  State  shall  enter  into  any  treaty,  alliance,  or    Powers  denied  to 

,.    ,  -  .     .        the  States. 

confederation  ;  grant  letters  of  marque  and  reprisal ; 

coin  money ;  emit  bills  of  credit  ;  make  anything  but  gold  and 
silver  coin  a  tender  in  payment  of  debts  ;  pass  any  bill  of  attainder,  ex 
post  facto  law,  or  law  impairing  the  obligation  of  contracts,  or  grant 
any  title  of  nobility. 

No  state  shall,  without  the  consent  of  the  Congress,     other  powers  de- 

,     .  nled  to  States. 

jay  any  imposts  or  duties  on  imports  or  exports,  ex- 
cept what  may  be  absolutely  necessary  for  executing  its  inspection 
laws ;  and  the  net  produce  of  all  duties  and  imposts,  laid  by  any 
State  on  imports  or  exports,  shall  be  for  the  use  of  the  Treasury  of 
the  United  States ;  and  all  such  laws  shall  be  subject  to  the  revision 
and  control  of  the  Congress. 

No  State  shall,  without  the  consent  of  Congress,     Further  denial  of 
„    ,  .      powers  to  States 

lay  any  duty  of  tonnage,  Keep  troops,  or  ships  of 

war  in  time  of  peace,  enter  into  any  agreement  or  compact  with  an- 


Habeas  corpus. 


Attainder  and  ex 
post  facto  laws. 


Direct  taxes. 


No     exportation 
duty. 

Commerce       be- 
tween the  States. 


Money,  how 
drawn  from  the 
treasury. 

To  be  published. 


No  nobility. 

Foreign  presents 
and  titles. 


188  CRAWFORD'S  CIVIL  GOVERNMENT. 

other  State,  or  with  a  foreign  power,  or  engage  in  war,  unless 
actually  invaded,  or  in  such  imminent  danger  as  will  not  admit 
of  delay. 

AETICLE    II. 

SECTION   I. 

President  of  the          The  executive  power  shall  be  vested  in  a  Presi- 
dent of  the  United  States  of  America.    He  shall  hold 
his  office  during  the  term  of  four  years,  and  together  with  the  Vice 
President,  chosen  for  the  same  term,  be  elected  as  follows  . 

Each  State  shall  appoint,  in  such  manner  as  the 
Rotated!'  b°W  ap  legislature  thereof  may  direct,  a  number  of  electors, 
equal  to  the  whole  number  of  Senators  and  Repre- 
sentatives to  which  the  State  may  be  entitled  in  Congress  ;  but  no 
Senator  or  Representative,  or  person  holding  an  office  of  trust  or 
profit  under  the  United  States,  shall  be  appointed  an  elector. 

The  electors  shall  meet  in  their  respective  States, 
Electors  to  meet  , 

and  to  elect  a  Pre-     and  vote  by  ballot  for  two  persons,  of  whom  one  at 

V1C<5     least  sha11  not  be  an  inQabitant  of  the  same  State  with 


themselves.  And  they  shall  make  a  list  of  all  the 
persons  voted  for,  and  of  the  number  of  votes  for  each  ;  which  list 
they  shall  sign  and  certify,  and  transmit  sealed  to  the  seat  of  the 
government  of  the  United  States,  directed  to  the  President  of  the 

Senate.  The  President  of  the  Senate  shall,  in  the 
ed  ^Congress0"1  presence  of  the  Senate  and  House  of  Representatives. 

open  all  the  certificates,  and  the  votes  shall  then  be 
counted.  The  person  having  the  greatest  number  of  votes  shall  be 
the  President,  if  such  number  be  a  majority  of  the  whole  number  of 
electors  appointed  ;  and  if  there  be  more  than  one  who  have  such  a 

majority,  and  have  an  equal  number  of  votes,  then 
ufchoose'if  eiec-  the  House  of  Representatives  shall  immediately 
tors  fall.  choose  by  ballot  one  of  them  for  President  ;  and  if 

no  person  have  a  majority,  then  from  the  five  highest  on  the  list  the 
said  House  shall  in  like  manner  choose  the  President.  But  in  choos- 

ing the  President,  the  votes  shall  be  taken  by  States, 

the  representatives  from  each  State  having  one  vote  ; 
a  quorum  for  this  purpose  shall  consist  of  a  member  or  members 
from  two-thirds  of  the  States,  and  a  majority  of  all  the  States  shall 
be  necessary  for  a  choice.  In  every  case,  after  the  choice  of  the 

President,  the  person  having  the  greatest  number  of 
Vice  President.  ^^  Q£  ^  ^^  shall  be  ^g  yice  president. 


CONSTITUTION   OP   THE   UNITED   STATES.  189 

But  if  there  should  remain  two  or  more  who  have  equal  votes,  the 
Senate  shall  choose  from  them  by  ballot  the  Vice  President.* 

The  Congress  may  determine  the  time  of  choos- 
*T-      i     .  j  *v.      j  i.-  i_  ii.          i-ii      Election    and 

ing  the  electors,  and  the  day  on  which  they  shall    meeting  of  eiec- 

give    their  votes ;    which  day    shall  be   the  same     tor8' 
throughout  the  United  States. 

No  person  except  a  natural- born  citizen,  or  a  citi-  Qualifications  of 
zen  of  the  United  States,  at  the  time  of  the  adoption 
of  this  Constitution  shall  be  eligible  to  the  office  of  President;  neither 
shall  any  person  be  eligible  to  that  office  who  shall  not  have  attained 
to  the  age  of  thirty-five  years,  and  been  fourteen  years  a  resident 
within  the  United  States. 

In  case  of  the  removal  of  the  President  from     Removal,  death, 

-   ,.      ,      .,  .  .      ,.,.^  &c.,  of  President. 

office,  or  of  his  death,  resignation,  or  inability,  to 

discharge  the  powers  and  duties  of  the  said  office,  the  same  shall 
devolve  on  the  Vice  President,  and  the  Congress  may  by  law  provide 
for  the  case  of  removal,  death,  resignation,  or  inability,  both  of  the 
President  and  Vice  President,  declaring  what  officer  shall  then  act  as 
President,  and  such  officer  shall  then  act  accordingly,  until  the  disa- 
bility be  removed,  or  a  President  shall  be  elected. 

The  President  shall,  at  stated  times,  receive  for     Compensation  of 
,  .  .  ..  .    „        .  .        ,         President, 

his  services  a  compensation,  which  shall  neither  be 

increased  nor  diminished  during  the  period  for  which  he  shall  have 
been  elected,  and  he  shall  not  receive  within  that  period  any  other 
emolument  from  the  United  States,  or  any  of  them. 

Before  he  enter  on  the  execution  of  his  office,  he  shall  take  the 
following  oath  or  affirmation  : — 

"I  do  solemnly  swear  (or  affirm)  that  I  will  faith-     Oath 
fully  execute  the  office  of  President  of  the  United 
States,  and  will  to  the  best  of  my  ability  preserve,  protect,  and  de- 
fend the  Constitution  of  the  United  States." 

SECTION    II. 

The  President  shall  be  Commander-in-chief  of  Powers  and  duties 
the  army  and  navy  of  the  United  States,  and  of  the  C 
militia  of  the  several  States,  when  called  into  the  actual  service  of  the 
United  States  ;  he  may  require  the  opinion,  in  writing,  of  the  princi- 
pal officer  in  each  of  the  executive  departments,  upon  any  subject 
relating  to  the  duties  of  their  respective  offices,  and  he  shall  have 

*  This  clause  of  the  Constitution  baa  been  amended.    See  twelfth  article  of  the 
amendments,  page  195. 


190  CRAWFORD'S  CIVIL  GOVERNMENT. 

power  to  grant  reprieves  and  pardons  for  offences  against  the  United 
States,  except  in  cases  of  impeachment. 

He  shall  have  power,  by  and  with  the  advice  and  consent  of  the 
Senate,  to  make  treaties,  provided  two-thirds  of  the  senators  present 
concur;  and  he  shall  nominate,  and,  by  and  with  the  advice  and  con- 
sent of  the  Senate,  shall  appoint,  ambassadors,  other 
pVwtclnofflceenrL  °*  Public  ministers  and  consuls,  judges  of  the  Supreme 
Court,  and  all  other  officers  of  the  United  States, 
whose  appointments  are  not  herein  otherwise  provided  for,  and 
which  shall  be  established  by  law  ;  but  the  Congress  may  by  law 
vest  the  appointment  of  such  inferior  officers,  as  they  think  proper, 
in  the  President  alone,  in  the  courts  of  law,  or  in  the  heads  of 
departments. 

The  President  shall  have  power  to  fill  up  all  va- 
flce.anCleS  ln  °f      cancies  that  may  happen  during  the  recess  of  the 
Senate,  by  granting  commissions  which  shall  expire 
at  the  end  of  their  next  session. 

SECTION    HI. 

Further  powers  He  shall  from  time  to  time  give  to  the  Congress 
Present?  of  the  information  of  the  state  of  the  Union,  and  recom- 
mend to  their  consideration  such  measures  as  he 
shall  judge  necessary  and  expedient ;  he  may,  on  extraordinary  occa- 
sions, convene  both  houses,  or  either  of  them,  and  in  case  of  dis- 
agreement between  them,  with  respect  to  the  time  of  adjournment, 
he  may  adjourn  them  to  such  time  as  he  shall  think  proper  ",  he  shall 
receive  ambassadors  and  other  public  ministers  ;  he  shall  take  care 
that  the  laws  be  faithfully  executed,  and  shall  commission  all  the 
officers  of  the  United  States. 

SECTION    IV 

impeachment  ^ne  PresWent.  Vice  President,  and  all  civil  officers 

of  the  United  States,  shall  be  removed  from  office  on 
impeachment  for,  and  conviction  of  treason,  bribery,  or  other  high 
crimes  and  misdemeanors. 

AETICLE    III. 

SECTION    I. 

judiciary  and  ten-         The  judicial  power  of  the  United  States  shall  be 

vested  in  one  Supreme  Court,  and  in  such  inferior 

courts  as  the  Congress  may  from  time  to  time  ordain  and  establish. 


CONSTITUTION    OF    THE    UNITED    STATES.  191 

The  judges,  both  of  the  Supreme  and  inferior  courts,  shall  hold  their 
offices  during  good  behavior,  and  shall,  at  stated  times,  receive  for 
their  services  a  compensation  which  shall  not  be  diminished  during 
their  continuant :  in  office. 

SECTION    II. 

The  judicial  power  shall  extend  to  all  cases,  in  Power  of  the 
law  and  equity,  arising  under  this  Constitution,  the 
iaws  of  the  United  States,  and  treaties  made,  or  which  shall  be  made, 
under  their  authority ; — to  all  cases  affecting  ambassadors,  other 
public  ministers,  and  consuls  ;  to  all  cases  of  admiralty  and  maritime 
jurisdiction  ;  to  controversies  to  which  the  United  States  shall  be  a 
party ;  to  controversies  between  two  or  more  States ;  between  a 
State  and  citizens  of  another  State ;  between  citizens  of  different 
States ;  between  citizens  of  the  same  State  claiming  lands  under 
grants  of  different  States,  and  between  a  State,  or  the  citizens  thereof, 
and  foreign  States,  citizens  or  subjects. 

In  all  cases  affecting  ambassadors,  or  other  public    jurisdiction     of 
ministers  and  consuls,  and  those  in  which  a  State     the   supreme 
snail  be  a  party,   the  Supreme  Court   shall  have 
original  jurisdiction.     In  all  the  other  cases  before  mentioned,  the 
Supreme  Court  shall  have  appellate   jurisdiction,  both  as  to  law  and 
fact,  with  such  exceptions,  and  under  such  regulations  as  the  Con- 
gress shall  make. 

The  trial  of  all  crimes,  except  in  cases  of  im-     Trials  by  jury, 
peachment,  shall  be  by  jury  ;  and  such  trial  shall  be     And  where  hejd 
held  in  the  State  where  the  said  crimes  shall  have 
been  committed;  but  when  not  committed  within  any  State,  the 
trial  shall  be  at  such  place  or  places  as  the  Corigress  may  by  law 
have  directed. 

SECTION   III. 

Treason  against  the  United  States  shall  consist     Treason, 
only  in  levying  war  against  them,  or  in  adhering  to 
their  enemies,  giving  them  aid  and  comfort.    No  person  shall  be 
convicted  of  treason  unless  on  the  testimony  of  two  witnesses  to  the 
same  overt  act,  or  on  confession  in  open  court. 

The  Congress  shall  have  power  to   declare  the     NO  corruption  of 
punishment  of  treason,  but  no  attainder  of  treason 
shall  work  corruption  of  blood  or  forfeiture  except  during  the  life 
of  the  person  attainted. 


19S  CBAWFORD'S  CIVIL  GOVERNMENT. 

AETICLE    IV. 

SECTION    I. 

Acts  of  states  ac-  Full  faith  and  credit  shall  be  given  in  each  State 
to  the  public  acts,  records,  and  judicial  proceedings 
of  every  other  State.  And  the  Congress  may  by  general  laws  pre- 
scribe the  manner  in  which  such  acts,  records  and  proceedings  shrill 
be  proved,  and  the  effect  thereof. 

SECTION   II. 

Privileges  of  citi-  The  citizens  of  each  State  shall  be  entitled  to  all 
privileges  and  immunities  of  citizens  in  the  several 
States. 

Fugitives    from          A.  person  charged  in  any  State  with  treason,  ffi- 

Justice  to  be  de-  •     „  . 

iivered  up.  ony,  or  other  crime,  who  shall  flee  from  justice,  az-d 

be  found  in  another  State,  shall,  on  demand  of  t'ue 
executive  authority  of  the  State  from  which  he  fled,  be  delivered  up, 
to  be  removed  to  the  State  having  jurisdiction  of  the  crime. 

No  person  held  to  service  or  labor  in  one  Staw, 

Fugitive     slaves  ,  .         .    x 

to  be  delivered  up.    under  the  laws  thereof,  escaping  into  another,  shall, 

in  consequence  of  any  law  or  regulation  therein,  be 
discharged  from  such  service  or  labor,  but  shall  be  delivered  up  en 
claim  of  the  party  to  whom  such  service  or  labor  may  be  due. 

SECTION  in. 

New  States.  New  States  may  be  admitted  by  the  Congress 

into  this  Union  ;  but  no  new  State  shall  be  formed 
or  erected  within  the  jurisdiction  of  any  other  State  ;  nor  any  State 
be  formed  by  the  junction  of  two  or  more  States,  or  part  of 
States,  without  the  consent  of  the  legislatures  of  the  States  concerned 
as  well  as  of  the  Congress. 

The  Congress  shall  have  power  to  dispose  of  and 

Territory  and  oth-  ,        .,        ",   ,       ,  ,  ...  , 

er   property    of    make  all  needful  rules  and  regulations  respecting  the 

United  states.  territory  or  other  property  belonging  to  the  United 
States  ;  and  nothing  in  this  Constitution  shall  be  so  construed  as  to 
prejudice  any  claims  of  the  United  States,  or  of  any  particular  State. 

SECTION  IV. 

Republican  form        The  United  States  shall  guaranty  to  every  State  in 
entt       this  Union  a  republican  form  of  government,  and 


CONSTITUTION   OF   THE   UNITED_  STATES.  193 

shall  protect  each  of  them  against  invasion,  and  on     Protection    of 
application  of  the  legislature,  or  of  the  executive, 
(when  the  legislature  cannot  be  convened,)  against  domestic  vio- 
lence. , 

AETICLE    V. 

The  Congress,  whenever  two-thirds  of  both  houses    Amendments  of 

the  Constitution, 
shall  deem  it  necessary,  shall  propose  amendments  to 

this  Constitution,  or,  on  the  application  of  the  legislatures  of  two- 
thirds  of  the  several  States,  shall  call  a  convention  for  proposing 
amendments,  which  "in  either  case,  shall  be  valid  to  all  intents  and 
purposes,  as  part  of  this  Constitution,  when  ratified  by  the  legisla- 
tures of  three-fourths  of  the  several  States,  or  by  conventions  in  three- 
fourths  thereof,  as  the  one  or  the  other  mode  of  ratification  may  be 
proposed  by  the  Congress  ;  provided  that  no  amendment  which  may 
be  made  prior  to  the  year  one  thousand  eight  hundred  and  eight, 
shall  in  any  manner  affect  the  first  and  fourth  clauses  in  the  ninth 
section  of  the  first  artic?e !,  and  that  no  State, -'without  its  consent, 
shall  be  deprived  of  its  equal  ^ffrage  in  the  Senate. 

AKTICLE  ..-WL 

._ 

All  debts  contracted  and  engagements  entered    Debts  of  former 
into,  before  the  adoption  of  this  Constitution,  shall     §gn^e™ent  rec" 
be  as  valid  against  the  United  States  under  this  Con- 
stitution as  unul~,the  confederation. 

This  <Joa~ "'"H, 'n,  and  the  laws  of  the  United  what  constitutes 
States  which  shall  be  m  ub  m  pursuance  thereof,  and 
all  treaties  made,  or  v,'hicli  shall  be  made,  under  the  authority  of  the 
United  State1?,  shall  be  the  supreme  law  of  the  land  ;  and  the  judges 
in  every  State  sftajl  be  bound  thereby,  anything  in  the  Constitution  or 
laws  of  any  State  to  the  contrary  notwithstanding. 

The  Senators  and  Representatives  before   men-     Oath   of    public 
tioned,  and  the  members  of  the  several  State  legisla- 
tures, and  all  executive  and  judicial   officers,  both  of  the  United 
States  and  of  the  several  States,  shall  be  bound  by  oath  or  affirma- 
tion, to  support  this  Constitution  ;  but  no  religious 
test  shall  ever  be  required  as  a  qualification  to  anyv    *    religious  test, 
office  or  public  trust  under  the  United  States, 


194 


CBAWFOBD'S  CIVIL  GOVERNMENT. 


Ratification. 


ABTICLE    VII. 

The  ratification  of  the  conventions  of  nine  States 
shall  be  sufficient  for  the  establishment  of  this  Con- 
stitution between  the  States  so  ratifying  the  same. 
Done  in  convention  by  the  unanimous  consent  of  the  States  present 
the  seventeenth  day  of  September  in  the  year  of  our  Lord  one 
thousand  seven  hundred  and  eighty-seven  and  of  the  Independ- 
ence of  the  United  States  of  America  the  twelfth.    In  witness 
whereof  we  have  hereunto  subscribed  our  names. 

GEO.  WASHINGTON— 
Presid't  and  deputy  from  Virginia. 


NEW  HAMPSHIRE. 

John  Langdon, 
Nicholas  Gil  man. 

MASSACHUSETTS. 

Nathaniel  Gorham, 
Ruf  us  King. 

CONNECTICUT. 

Wm.  Saml.  Johnson, 
Roger  Sherman. 

NEW  YORK. 

Alexander  Hamilton. 

NEW   JERSEY. 

Wil.  Livingston, 
David  Brearley, 
Wm.  Paterson, 
Jona.  Dayton. 

PENNSYLVANIA 
B.  Franklin, 
Thomas  Mifflin, 
Robt.  Morris, 
Geo.  Clymer, 
Tho.  Fitzsimons, 
Jared  Ingersoll, 
James  Wilson, 
Gouv.  Morris. 
Attest; 


DELAWARE. 

Geo.  Read, 

Gunning  Bedford,  jun'r, 
John  Dickinson. 
Richard  Bassett, 
Jacc   Broom. 
-     if 

MARYLAND. 

James  McHenry, 

Dan  of  St.  Thos.  Jenifer, 

Danl.  Carrcvll. 

VIRGINIA. 

John  Blair, 
James  Madison,  jr. 

NORTH     C!-ROL1NA. 

Wm.  fJlouiit,  - 
Rich'd  Dbbbs  Spaight, 
Hu.  Williamson. 

SOUTH  CAROLINA. 

J.  Rutledge, 

Charles  Coatesworth  Pinckney, 

Charles  Pinckney, 

Pierce  Butler. 


GEORGIA. 
William  Few, 
Abr.  Baldwin. 

WILLIAM  JACKSON,  Secretary* 


CONSTITUTION   OF   THE   UNITED   STATES. 


195 


AMENDMENTS  TO  THE  CONSTITUTION. 


ARTICLE  I. 

Congress  shall  make  no  law  respecting  an  estab- 
lishment of  religion,  or  prohibiting  the  free  exercise 
thereof ;  or  abridging  the  freedom  of  speech,  or  of 
the  press ;  or  the  right  of  the  people  peaceably  to 
assemble,  and  to  petition  the  government  for  a  re- 
dress of  grievances. 

ARTICLE  II. 

A  well  regulated  militia  being  necessary  to  the 
security  of  a  free  State,  the  right  of  the  people  to 
keep  and  bear  arms  shall  not  be  infringed. 

ARTICLE  III. 

No  soldier  shall,  in  time  of  peace,  be  quartered  in 
any  house,  without  the  consent  of  the  owner,  nor  in 
time  of  war,  but  in  a  manner  to  be  prescribed  bylaw. 


No  State  religion. 

Freedom  of 
speech    and    the 
press. 

Right  of  petition. 


State  militia. 


Billeting  soldiers 
on  citizens. 


ARTICLE  IV. 


Rights  of   domi- 
cile and  person. 


The  right  of  the  people  to  be  secure  in  their  per- 
sons, houses,  papers,  and  effects,  against  unreason- 
able searches  and  seizures,  shall  not  be  violated,  and  no  warrants 
shall  issue,  but  upon  probable  cause,  supported  by  oath  or  affirma- 
tion, and  particularly  describing  the  place  to  be  searched,  and  the 
persons  or  things  to  be  seized. 

ARTICLE  V. 

No  person  shall  be  held  to  answer  for  a  capital   Holding  for  crime 

.    .  limited. 

or  otherwise  infamous  crime,  unless  on  a  present- 
ment or  indictment  of  a  grand  jury,  except  in  cases  arising  in  the 
land  or  naval  forces,  or  in  the  militia,  when  in  actual  service  in  time 
of  war  or  public  danger ;  nor  shall  any  '>*•  -on  be  subject  for  the 

same  offence  to  be  twice  put  in  ieopardv  o'fiife  or 

,    „  ,  ,.    ,    .  Testifying  against 

limb  ;  nor  shall  be  compelled  in  any  criminal  case   seif  not  to  be  com- 

to  be  a  witness  against  himself,  nor  be  deprived  of  Pelled- 


196  CRAWFORD'S  CIVIL  GOVERNMENT. 

Right  of  private    life   liberty,  or  property,  without  due  process  of 
property  Invlola-     .  In-  .     r,    *  i         t  w 

bie.  law ;  nor  shall  private  property  be  taken  for  public 

use,  without  just  compensation. 
ARTICLE  VI. 

Right  of  jury  trial,  ^n  a^  criminal  prosecutions,  the  accused  shall  en. 
etc.,  in  crimlc&i  joy  the  right  to  a  speedy  and  public  trial,  by  an 
impartial  jury  of  the  State  and  district  wherein  the 
crime  shall  have  been  committed,  which  district  shall  have  been  pre- 
viously ascertained  by  law,  and  to  be  informed  of  the  nature  and 
cause  of  the  accusation  ;  to  be  confronted  with  the  witnesses  against 
him ;  to  have  compulsory  process  for  obtaining  witnesses  in  nis 
favor,  and  to  have  the  assistance  of  counsel  for  his  defence. 

ARTICLE   VII. 

jury  trial  in  civil  In  suits  at  common  law,  where  the  value  in  con- 
troversy shall  exceed  twenty  dollars,  the  right  of 
trial  by  jury  shall  be  preserved,  and  no  fact  tried  by  a  jury  shall  be 
otherwise  re-examined  in  any  court  of  the  United  States,  than  accord- 
ing to  the  rules  of  the  common  law. 

ARTICLE  VIII. 

Bali,  fines    and          Excessive  "bail  shall  not  be  required,  nor  execs- 
punishments  not     give  fines  imposed,  nor  cruel  and  unusual  punish- 

excesslve.  .    _.        , 

ments  inflicted. 

ARTICLE  IX. 

The  enumeration  in  the  Constitution,  of  certain 
bygpeopil.eserved     "ghts,  shall  not  be  construed  to  deny  or  disparage 
others  retained  by  the  people. 

ARTICLE  X. 

Rights  reserved          r^ie  P°wers  Qot  delegated  to  the  United  States  by 

by    states    and     the  Constitution,  nor  prohibited  by  it  to  the  States, 

are  reserved  to  the  States  respectively,  or  to  the  people. 

ARTICLE  XI. 

Suits   against  TY    'udicial  power  of  the  United  States  shall  not 

be  construed  to  extend  to  any  suit  in  law  or  equity, 
commenced  or  prosecuted  against  one  of  the  United  States  by 
citizens  of  another  State,  or  by  citizens  or  subjects  of  any  foreign 
State. 


CONSTITUTION   OF   THE   UNITED   STATES.  197 

ARTICLE  XII. 

The  electors  shall  meet  in  their  respective  States  Electlng  Preg{. 
and  vote  by  ballot  for  President  and  Vice  President,  dent  and  vice 
one  of  whom,  at  least,  shall  not  be  an  inhabitant  of 
the  same  State  with  themselves  ;  they  shall  name  in  their  ballots  the 
person  voted  for  as  President,  and  in  distinct  ballots  the  person  voted 
for  as  Vice  President,  and  they  shall  make  distinct  lists  of  all  persona 
voted  for  as  President,  and  of  all  persons  voted  for  as  Vice  President, 
and  of  the  number  of  votes  Tor  each  ;  which  lists  they  shall  sign  and 
certify,  and  transmit  sealed  to  the  seat  of  government  of  the  United 
States,  directed  to  the  President  of  the  Senate.  The  President  o£  the 
Sanate  shall,  in  the  presence  of  the  Senate  and  House  of  Representa- 
tives, open  all  the  certificates  and  the  votes  shall  then  be  counted  ;  — 
tbe  person  having  the  greatest  number  of  votes  for  President,  shall 
be  the  President,  if  such  number  be  a  majority  of  the  whole  number 
of  electors  appointed  ;  and  if  no  person  have  such  a  majority,  then 
fK»m  the  persons  having  the  highest  numbers  not  exceeding  three  on 
tfcp,  list  of  those  voted  for  as  President,  the  House  of  Representatives 
shall  choose  immediately,  by  ballot,  the  President.  But  in  choosing 
tbe  President,  the  votes  shall  be  taken  by  States,  the  representation 
from  each  State  having  one  vote  ;  a  quorum  for  this  purpose  shall 
consist  of  a  member  or  members  from  two  -thirds  of  the  States,  and  a 
majority  of  all  the  States  shall  be  necessary  to  a  choice.  And  if  the 
Bouse  of  Representatives  shall  not  choose  a  President  whenever  the 
right  of  choice  shall  devolve  upon  them,  before  the  fourth  day  of 
M«rch,  next  following,  then  the  Vice  President  shall  act  as  President, 
*»*  in  the  case  of  the  death  or  other  constitutional  disability  of  the 


The  person  having  the  greatest  number  of  votes  as  Vice  President, 
shall  be  the  Vice  President,  if  such  number  be  a  majority  of  the 
whole  number  of  electors  appointed,  and  if  no  person  have  a  ma- 
jority, then  from  the  two  highest  numbers  on  the  list,  the  Senate 
shall  choose  the  Vice  President  ;  a  quorum  for  the  purpose  shall  con- 
sist of  two-thirds  of  the  whole  number  of  Senators,  and  a  majority 
of  the  whole  number  shall  be  necessary  to  a  choice.  But  no  person 
constitutionally  ineligible  to  the  office  of  President  shall  be  eligible 
to  that  of  Vice  President  of  the  United  S'  *es. 

OcU 

ARTICLE  XIII 

SECTION  1.  Neither  slavery  nor  involuntary  Slavery  prohlb- 
«e*vitude,  except  as  a  punishment  for  crime,  whereof 


198  CRAWFORD'S  CIVIL  GOVERNMENT. 

the  party  shall  have  been  duly  convicted,  shall  exist  within  t«e 
United  States,  or  any  place  subject  to  their  jurisdiction. 

SECTION  2.     Congress  shall  have  power  to  enforce  this  article  wy 
appropriate  legislation, 

ARTICLE  XIV. 

SECTION  1.    All  persons  born  or  naturalized  In 
Civil  rights. 

the  United  States,  and  subject  to  the  jurisdiction 

thereof,  are  citizens  of  the  United  States,  and  of  the  State  wherein 
they  reside.  No  State  shall  make  or  enforce  any  law  which  sh*ll 
abridge  the  privileges  and  immunities  of  citizens  of  the  United  States. 
Nor  shall  any  State  deprive  any  person  of  life,  liberty  or  property 
without  due  process  of  law,  nor  to  deny  to  any  person  within  its 
jurisdiction  the  equal  protection  of  the  laws. 

SEC.  2.      Representatives  shall    be  apportioned 

Basis  of  Congres- 
sional represents-  among  the  several  States  according  to  their  respect- 
ive numbers,  counting  the  whole  number  of  persons 
in  each  State,  excluding  Indians  not  taxed  ;  but  whenever  the  rig*it 
to  vote  at  any  election  for  electors  of  President  and  Vice-President 
or  United  States  Represeutatives  in  Congress,  executive  and  judicial 
officers,  or  the  members  of  the  Legislature  thereof,  is  denied  to  any  or 
the  male  inhabitants  of  such  State,  being  twenty-one  years  of  a^e» 
and  citizens  of  the  United  States,  or  in  any  way  abridged,  except  lor 
participation  in  rebellion  or  other  crimes,  the  basis  of  representation 
therein  shall  be  reduced  in  the  proportion  which  the  number  of  sunn 
male  citizens  shall  bear  to  the  whole  number  of  male  citizens  twenty- 
one  years  of  age  in  that  Slate. 

SEC.  3.  No  person  shall  be  a  Senator  or  Repr?- 
?or8offlcefiCatl°n  sentative  in  Congress,  elector  of  President  and  Vice 
President,  or  hold  any  office,  civil  or  military,  undor 
the  United  States,  or  under  any  State,  who,  having  previously  taken 
an  oath  as  a  member  of  Congress,  or  as  an  officer  of  the  United 
States,  or  as  a  member  of  any  State  Legislature,  or  as  an  executive  or 
judicial  officer  of  any  State,  to  support  the  Constitution  of  the  United 
States,  shall  have  engaged  in  insurrection  or  rebellion  against  the 
same,  or  given  aid  or  comfort  to  the  enemies  thereof  ;  but  Congress 
may,  by  a  vote  of  two-thirds  of  each  House,  remove  such  disability. 
SEC.  «  '•  The  validity  of  the  public  debt  of  the 

National  debt  — 

debts  in  aid  of  re-     United  States  authorized  by  law,  including  debts  in- 
curred for  the  payment  of  pensions  and  bounties  for 
service  in  suppressing  insurrection  or  rebellion,  shall  not  be  qu-*s- 
tioned  ;  but  neither  the  United  States  nor  any  State  shall  assume  w> 


CONSTITUTION   OP   THE   UNITED   STATES.  199 

pay  any  debt  or  obligation  incurred  in  aid  of  insurrection  or  rebellion 
against  the  United  States,  or  any  claim  for  the  loss  or  emancipation 
of  any  slave,  but  all  such  debts,  obligations,  and  claims  shall  be  ille- 
gal and  void. 

SEC.  5.  The  Congress  shall  have  power  to  enforce,  by  appropri- 
ate legislation,  the  provisions  of  this  article. 

ARTICLE   XV. 

SECTION  1.  The  right  of  citizens  of  the  United  States  to  vote 
shall  not  be  denied  or  abridged  by  the  United  States,  or  by  any  State, 
on  account  of  race,  color  or  previous  condition  of  servitude. 

SEC.  2.  The  Congress  shall  have  power  to  enforce  this  article  by 
appropriate  legislation. 


DECLARATION  OF  INDEPENDENCE. 


A   DECLARATION   BY   THE    REPRESENTATIVES   OF   THE   UNITED 

STATES  OP  AMERICA,  IN  CONGRESS  ASSEMBLED, 

JULY  4,  1776. 

WHEN,  in  the  course  of  human  events,  it  becomes  necessary  for 
one  people  to  dissolve  the  political  bands  which  have  connected  them 
with  another,  and  to  assume  among  the  powers  of  the  earth,  the 
separate  and  equal  station  to  which  the  laws  of  nature  and  of  nature's 
God  entitle  them,  a  decent  respect  to  the  opinions  of  mankind  requires 
that  they  should  declare  the  causes  which  impel  them  to  the  separa- 
tion. 

We  hold  these  truths  to  be  self-evident — that  all  men  are  created 
equal ;  that  they  are  endowed  by  their  creator  with  certain  unalien- 
able  rights ;  that  among  these  are  life,  liberty,  and  the  pursuit  of 
happiness ;  that  to  secure  these  rights,  governments  are  instituted 
among  men.  deriving  their  just  powers  from  the  consent  of  the 
governed  ;  that,  whenever  any  form  of  government  becomes  destruc- 
tive of  these  ends,  it  is  the  right  of  the  people  to  alter  or  abolish  it, 
and  to  institute  a  new  government,  laying  its  foundation  on  such 
principles,  and  organizing  its  powers  in  such  form,  as  to  them  shall 
seem  most  likely  to  effect  their  safety  and  happiness.  Prudence, 
indeed,  will  dictate  that  governments  long  established  should  not  be 
changed  for  light  and  transient  causes ;  and  accordingly  all  experi- 
ence has  shown  that  mankind  are  more  disposed  to  suffer,  while 
evils  are  sufferable,  than  to  right  themselves  by  abolishing  the  forms 
to  which  they  are  accustomed.  But  when  a  long  train  of  abuses  and 
usurpations,  pursuing  invariably  the  same  object,  evinces  a  design  to 
reduce  them  under  absolute  despotism,  it  is  their  right,  it  is  their 
duty  to  throw  off  such  government,  and  to  provide  new  guards  for 
their  future  security. 

Such  has  been  the  pa  "  nt  sufferance  of  these  colonies,  and  such 
is  now  the  necessity  whidh  constrains  them  to  alter  their  former  sys- 
tem of  government.  The  history  of  the  present  king  of  Great 
Britain  is  a  history  of  repeated  injuries  and  usurpations,  all  having, 

200 


DECLARATION    OF   INDEPENDENCE.  201 

in  direct  object,  the  establishment  of  an  absolute  tyranny  over  these 
states.  To  prove  this  let  facts  be  submitted  to  a  candid  world  : 

He  has  refused  his  assent  to  laws  the  most  wholesome  and  neces- 
sary for  the  public  good. 

He  has  forbidden  his  governors  to  pass  laws  of  immediate  and 
pressing  importance,  unless  suspended  in  their  operation  until  his 
assent  should  be  obtained  ;  and,  when  so  suspended,  he  has  utterly 
neglected  to  attend  to  them. 

He  has  refused  to  pass  other  laws  for  the  accommodation  of  large 
districts  of  people,  unless  those  people  would  relinquish  the  right  of 
representation  in  the  Legislature  —  a  right  inestimable  to  them,  and 
formidable  to  tyrants  onlv. 

He  has  called  together  legislative  bodies  at  places  unusual ,  uncom- 
fortable, and  distant  from  the  depository  of  their  public  records, 
for  the  sole  purpose  of  fatiguing  them  into  compliance  with  his 
measures. 

He  has  dissolved  representative  houses  repeatedly  for  opposing 
with  mauly  firmness  his  invasions  on  the  rights  of  the  people. 

He  has  refused,  for  a  long  time  after  such  dissolution,  to  cause 
others  to  be  elected  whereby  the  legislative  powers,  incapable  of 
annihilation,  have  returned  to  the  people  at  large  for  their  exercise  ; 
the  state  remaining,  in  the  mean  time,  exposed  to  all  the  dangers  of 
invasion  from  without  and  convulsions  within. 

He  has  endeavored  to  prevent  the  population  of  these  states  ;  for 
that  purpose  obstructing  the  laws  for  naturalization  of  foreigners, 
refusing  to  pass  others  to  encourage  their  migration  hitner  and  rais- 
ing the  conditions  of  new  appropriations  of  lands. 

He  has  obstructed  the  administration  of  justice  by  refusing  his 
assent  to  laws  for  establishing  judiciary  powers. 

He  has  made  judges  dependent  on  his  will  alone  for  the  tenure  of 
their  offices,  and  the  amount  and  payment  of  their  salaries. 

He  has  erected  a  multitude  of  new  offices,  and  sent  hither  swarms 
of  officers  to  harass  our  people  and  eat  out  their  substance. 

He  has  kept  among  us,  in  times  of  peace,  standing  armies  with- 
out the  consent  of  our  Legislature. 

He  has  affected  to  render  the  military  independent  of  and  supe- 
rior to  the  civil  power.  ,, 

He  has  combined  with  others  to  subjec  ,  .5  to  a  jurisdiction  foreign 
to  our  Constitution,  and  unacknowledged  by  our  laws,  giving  his 
assent  to  their  acts  of  pretended  legislation  ; 

For  quartering  large  bodies  of  armed  troops  among  us: 

For  protecting  them,  by  a  mock  trial,  from  punishment  for  any 


202  CRAWFORD'S  CIVIL  GOVERNMENT. 

murders  which  they  should  commit  on   the   inhabitants  of  these 
states  : 

For  cutting  off  our  trade  with  all  parts  of  the  world  : 

For  imposing  taxes  on  us  without  our  consent  : 

For  depriving  us,  in  many  cases,  of  the  benefits  of  trial  by  jury  : 

For  transporting  us  beyond  seas  to  be  tried  for  pretended 
offences  : 

For  abolishing  the  free  system  of  English  laws  in  a  neighboring 
province,  establishing  therein  an  arbitrary  government,  and  enlarg- 
ing its  boundaries,  so  as  to  render  it  at  once  an  example  and  fit  instru- 
ment for  introducing  the  same  absolute  rule  into  these  colonies  : 

For  taking  away  our  charters,  abolishing  our  most  valuable  laws, 
and  altering  fundamentally  the  powers  of  our  governments  : 

For  suspending  our  own  Legislatures,  and  declaring  themselves 
invested  with  power  to  legislate  for  us  in  all  cases  whatsoever. 

He  has  abdicated  government  here  by  declaring  us  out  of  his  pro- 
tection, and  waging  war  against  us. 

He  has  plundered  our  seas,  ravaged  our  coasts,  burnt  our  towns, 
and  destroyed  the  lives  of  our  people. 

He  is,  at  this  time,  transporting  large  armies  of  foreign  mercena- 
ries to  complete  the  works  of  death,  desolation,  and  tyranny,  already 
begun,  with  circumstances  of  cruelty  and  perfidy  scarcely  paralleled 
in  the  most  barbarous  ages,  and  totally  unworthy  the  head  of  a  civi 
lized  nation. 

He  has  constrained  our  fellow -citizens,  taken  captive  on  the  high 
seas,  to  bear  arms  against  their  country,  to  become  the  executioners 
of  their  friends  and  brethren,  or  to  fall  themselves  by  their  bands. 

He  has  excited  domestic  insurrections  amongst  us,  and  has  en- 
deavored to  bring  on  the  inhabitants  of  our  frontiers  the  merciless 
Indian  savages,  whose  known  rule  of  warfare  is  an  undistinguished 
destruction  of  all  ages,  sexes,  and  conditions. 

In  every  stage  of  these  oppressions,  we  have  petitioned  for  redress 
in  the  most  humble  terms ;  our  repeated  petitions  have  been  answered 
only  by  repeated  injury.  A.  prince  whose  character  is  thus  marked 
by  every  act  which  may  define  a  tyrant  is  unfit  to  be  the  ruler  of  a 
free  people. 

Nor  have  we  been  wanting  in  attention  to  our  British  brethren, 
We  have  warned  them,  ft  Xo.  time  to  time,  of  attempts  made  by  theic 
Legislature  to  extend  an  unwarrantable  jurisdiction   over  us.      Jf 
have  reminded  them  of  the  circumstances  of  our  emigration  an 
settlement  here.    We  have  appealed  to  their  native  justice  and  mag' 
nanimity,  and  we  have  conjured  them,  by  the  ties  of  our  common 


DECLAEATION   OF   INDEPENDENCE.  203 

kindred,  to  disavow  these  usurpations,  which  would  inevitably  inter- 
rupt our  connections  and  correspondence.  They,  too,  have  been 
deaf  to  the  voice  of  justice  and  consanguinity.  We  must,  therefore,  ac- 
quiesce in  the  necessity  which  denounces  our  separation,  and  hold  them, 
as  we  hold  the  rest  of  mankind  —  enemies  in  war,  in  peace  friends. 

We,  therefore,  the  representatives  of  the  United  States  of  America, 
in  General  Congress  assembled,  appealing  to  the  Supreme  Judge  of 
the  world  for  the  rectitude  of  our  intentions,  do,  in  the  name  and  by 
the  authority  of  the  good  people  of  these  colonies,  solemnly  publish 
and  declare  that  these  United  States  are,  and  of  right  ought  to  be, 
free  and  independent  states ;  that  they  are  absolved  from  all  alle- 
giance to  the  British  crown,  and  that  all  political  connection  between 
them  and  the  state  of  Great  Britain  is,  and  ought  to  be,  totally  dis- 
solved ;  and  that,  as  free  and  independent  states,  they  have  full  power 
to  levy  war,  conclude  peace,  contract  alliances,  establish  commerce, 
and  to  do  all  other  acts  and  things  which  independent  states  may  of 
right  do.  And  for  the  support  of  this  declaration,  with  a  firm  reli- 
ance on  the  protection  of  Divine  Providence,  we  mutually  pledge  to 
each  other  our  lives,  our  fortunes,  and  our  sacred  honor. 

The  foregoing  declaration  was,  by  order  of  Congress,  engrossed, 
and  signed  by  the  following  members :  JOHN  HANCOCK. 

New  Hampshire. — Josiah  Bartlett,  William  Whipple,  Mat- 
thew Thornton. 

Massachusetts  Bay. — Samuel  Adams,  John  Adams,  Robert 
Treat  Paine,  Elbridge  Gerry. 

Rhode  Island. — Stephen  Hopkins,  William  Ellery. 

Connecticut.— Eoger  Sherman,  Samuel  Huntington,  William 
Williams,  Oliver  Wolcott. 

New  York. — William  Floyd,  Philip  Livingston,  Francis 
Lewis,  Lewis  Morris. 

New  Jersey. — Richard  Stockton,  John  Witherspoon,  Francis 
Hopkinson,  John  Hart,  Abraham  Clark. 

Pennsylvania. — Robert  Morris,  Benjamin  Rush,  Benjamin 
Franklin,  John  Morton,  George  Clymer,  James  Smith, 
George  Taylor,  James  Wilson,  George  Ross. 

Delaware. — Caesar  Rodney,  George  Read,  Thomas  M'Kean. 

Maryland. — Samuel  Chase,  William  Paca,  Thomas  Stone, 
Charles  Carroll,  of  Cam  Iton. 

Virginia — George  Wythe,  Richard  Henry  Lee,  Thomas 
Jefferson,  Benjamin  Hamson,  Thomas  Nelson,  Jr., 
Francis  Lightfoot  Lee,  CaHei.Braxton. 

North  Carolina. — William  Hooper,  Joseph  Hewes,  Joha 
Penn. 

South  Carolina. — Edward  Rutledge,  Thomas  Heyward,  Jr., 
Thomas  Lynch,  Jr.,  Arthur  Middleton. 

Georgia.— Button  Gwinnett,  Lyman  Hall,  George  Walton. 


t 


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